{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167615840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.03048","title":"Compression, structure, and executor capability: a controlled real-cost decomposition of language-model agent skill optimisation","display_name":"Compression, structure, and executor capability: a controlled real-cost decomposition of language-model agent skill optimisation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167615840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.03048"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.03048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.03048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.03048","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103458235","display_name":"X X Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Xiaonan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140205922","display_name":"Wenjing Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Wenjing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.1597999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.1597999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.08089999854564667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.07940000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executor","display_name":"Executor","score":0.9912999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.6294000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.614300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.46540001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lever","display_name":"Lever","score":0.4271000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.3418000042438507}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180591056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654437","display_name":"Executor","level":2,"score":0.9912999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.6294000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.614300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.46540001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107524782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40164","display_name":"Lever","level":2,"score":0.4271000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778701210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28130034","display_name":"Constructive","level":3,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190902152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325106","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","level":3,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.258899986743927}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.03048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.03048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.03048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.03048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6550098061561584}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Agent":[0],"skills,":[1,82],"reusable":[2],"instruction":[3],"artefacts":[4],"supplied":[5],"to":[6,152],"a":[7,27,61,90,122,228],"tool-using":[8],"language":[9],"model,":[10],"are":[11,140],"increasingly":[12],"optimised":[13,225],"by":[14,203],"shortening,":[15,84],"structural":[16],"rewriting,":[17],"stronger-model":[18],"compilation,":[19],"and":[20,44,53,71,86,96,99,127,142,167,180,241],"scoped":[21,94,168],"loading,":[22,95],"on":[23,49,173,251],"the":[24,50,54,97,105,135,143,153,162,174,211,238,248],"assumption":[25,38],"that":[26,234,242],"smaller":[28],"or":[29],"better-organised":[30],"skill":[31,250],"lowers":[32],"cost":[33,47,112,116,129],"while":[34],"preserving":[35],"success.":[36],"That":[37],"is":[39,104,113,134,146,150,183,196,237],"rarely":[40],"tested":[41],"with":[42,121,214],"quality":[43],"real":[45,212,222],"monetary":[46],"measured":[48],"same":[51],"runs":[52],"contributing":[55],"factors":[56],"separated.":[57],"This":[58],"study":[59],"reports":[60],"controlled":[62],"decomposition":[63],"over":[64,247],"ten":[65],"skill-delivery":[66],"conditions,":[67],"40":[68],"software-engineering":[69],"tasks,":[70],"three":[72],"repetitions":[73],"per":[74],"cell":[75],"(1,200":[76],"rollouts),":[77],"separating":[78],"no-skill":[79],"execution,":[80],"raw":[81,154,249],"deterministic":[83],"linear":[85,186],"structured":[87,181],"rendering":[88,166,182],"from":[89,185],"shared":[91],"semantic":[92],"ledger,":[93],"compiler":[98,215],"executor":[100,176,197,235,253],"model":[101],"tiers.":[102],"Quality":[103],"verifier":[106],"pass":[107,171,201],"rate":[108,172,202],"at":[109,117,188,207],"task":[110,133],"level;":[111],"solve-stage":[114],"token":[115],"standard":[118],"provider":[119],"prices,":[120],"token-volume-normalised":[123],"view":[124],"for":[125],"robustness":[126],"compilation":[128],"amortised":[130],"separately.":[131],"The":[132,191,231],"unit":[136],"of":[137],"inference,":[138],"intervals":[139],"task-clustered,":[141],"contrast":[144,193],"family":[145],"multiplicity-controlled.":[147],"Deterministic":[148],"shortening":[149],"close":[151],"baseline":[155],"but":[156],"does":[157],"not":[158],"establish":[159],"non-inferiority":[160],"within":[161],"preset":[163],"margin.":[164],"Structured":[165],"loading":[169],"lower":[170],"compact":[175],"without":[177],"lowering":[178],"cost,":[179,213],"indistinguishable":[184],"text":[187],"matched":[189],"content.":[190],"only":[192],"surviving":[194],"correction":[195],"capability,":[198],"which":[199],"raises":[200],"27":[204],"percentage":[205],"points":[206],"roughly":[208],"five":[209],"times":[210],"tier":[216],"showing":[217],"no":[218,224,243],"robust":[219],"effect.":[220],"Under":[221],"prices":[223],"representation":[226,244],"reaches":[227],"practical":[229],"break-even.":[230],"evidence":[232],"indicates":[233],"capability":[236],"dominant":[239],"lever":[240],"strategy":[245],"improves":[246],"either":[252],"tier.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-07-08T00:00:00"}