{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167107109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.00724","title":"MSQA: A Natively Sourced Multilingual and Multicultural SimpleQA Benchmark","display_name":"MSQA: A Natively Sourced Multilingual and Multicultural SimpleQA Benchmark","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167107109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.00724"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.00724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.00724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.00724","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089722051","display_name":"Xianru Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Xianru","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126420301","display_name":"Y Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Yukai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101428884","display_name":"Mingxiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0997-0957"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Mingxiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139924021","display_name":"Xinping Lei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei, Xinping","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139938784","display_name":"Fangbing Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deng, Fangbing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139894740","display_name":"Jin Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139885163","display_name":"Ge Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102688813","display_name":"W E I-Xing Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Wenhao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139891868","display_name":"Jiaheng Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Jiaheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.19769999384880066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.19769999384880066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.1623000055551529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12694","display_name":"Categorization, perception, and language","score":0.06989999860525131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluency","display_name":"Fluency","score":0.7167999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6141999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiculturalism","display_name":"Multiculturalism","score":0.47369998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locality","display_name":"Locality","score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-diversity","display_name":"Cultural diversity","score":0.4007999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competence","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","score":0.38830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-competence","display_name":"Cultural competence","score":0.3878999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-proficiency","display_name":"Language proficiency","score":0.3197999894618988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777413886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276013","display_name":"Fluency","level":2,"score":0.7167999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6141999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5471000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542530943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190656","display_name":"Multiculturalism","level":2,"score":0.47369998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4560999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4228000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779808786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6664603","display_name":"Locality","level":2,"score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125209646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338878","display_name":"Cultural diversity","level":2,"score":0.4007999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.38830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169536714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666159","display_name":"Cultural competence","level":2,"score":0.3878999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2390977","display_name":"Language proficiency","level":2,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37773902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970594","display_name":"Cultural bias","level":2,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992975276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11042","display_name":"Cultural background","level":4,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171041071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36870","display_name":"First language","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994055011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210272","display_name":"Cultural knowledge","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987487971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexical access","level":3,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30081","display_name":"Multilingualism","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184047640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182593","display_name":"Illusion","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115233962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1791627","display_name":"Cultural artifact","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.00724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.00724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.00724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.00724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8612978458404541,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multilingual":[0],"fluency":[1],"often":[2],"invites":[3],"a":[4,7,12,40,82],"stronger":[5],"assumption:":[6],"model":[8],"that":[9,22,100,135],"can":[10],"speak":[11],"user's":[13],"language":[14,49],"must":[15],"also":[16],"understand":[17],"the":[18,27,107],"culture":[19],"encoded":[20],"by":[21],"language.":[23],"We":[24,97],"call":[25],"this":[26,34],"Illusion":[28],"of":[29,42],"Cultural":[30],"Alignment.":[31],"To":[32],"test":[33],"assumption":[35],"directly,":[36],"we":[37,76],"introduce":[38],"MSQA,":[39],"benchmark":[41],"1,064":[43],"natively":[44],"sourced":[45],"questions":[46],"across":[47],"11":[48],"groups,":[50],"five":[51],"cultural":[52,79,86,114,136],"dimensions,":[53],"and":[54,66,81,124,145],"three":[55],"difficulty":[56],"tiers.":[57],"Unlike":[58],"translated":[59],"benchmarks,":[60],"MSQA":[61],"targets":[62],"locally":[63],"grounded":[64],"knowledge":[65],"reduces":[67],"shortcuts":[68],"from":[69,141],"English-centric":[70],"cross-lingual":[71],"transfer.":[72],"Evaluating":[73],"18":[74],"LLMs,":[75],"find":[77],"substantial":[78],"degradation":[80],"pronounced":[83],"Locality":[84],"Effect:":[85],"competence":[87],"tracks":[88],"pre-training":[89],"exposure":[90],"more":[91],"closely":[92],"than":[93,121,149],"general":[94],"reasoning":[95],"ability.":[96],"further":[98],"show":[99],"common":[101],"inference-time":[102],"remedies":[103],"do":[104],"not":[105],"dissolve":[106],"illusion.":[108],"Models":[109],"remain":[110],"overconfident":[111],"on":[112,129],"unfamiliar":[113],"questions,":[115],"repeated":[116],"sampling":[117],"yields":[118],"unstable":[119],"rather":[120],"reliable":[122],"correctness,":[123],"retrieval":[125,153],"augmentation":[126],"helps":[127],"unevenly":[128],"long-tail":[130],"facts.":[131],"These":[132],"findings":[133],"indicate":[134],"alignment":[137],"cannot":[138],"be":[139],"inferred":[140],"multilingual":[142],"ability":[143],"alone":[144],"requires":[146],"deeper":[147],"intervention":[148],"calibration,":[150],"sampling,":[151],"or":[152],"at":[154],"inference":[155],"time":[156]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-07-03T00:00:00"}