{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166696264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.28683","title":"Aristotelian Virtue Profiling of LLMs through Ethical Dilemmas","display_name":"Aristotelian Virtue Profiling of LLMs through Ethical Dilemmas","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166696264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.28683"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.28683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.28683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.28683","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139701867","display_name":"Ioannis Tzachristas","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tzachristas, Ioannis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033894687","display_name":"John Pavlopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9188-7425"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavlopoulos, John","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.3425999879837036,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.3425999879837036,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.26660001277923584,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.06719999760389328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respondent","display_name":"Respondent","score":0.7497000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.6305999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilemma","display_name":"Dilemma","score":0.6161999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.5313000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtue","display_name":"Virtue","score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethical-dilemma","display_name":"Ethical dilemma","score":0.46219998598098755}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776640315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315941","display_name":"Respondent","level":2,"score":0.7497000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.6305999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.6161999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5313000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777239683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157811","display_name":"Virtue","level":2,"score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775890777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192568","display_name":"Ethical dilemma","level":2,"score":0.46219998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4440999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.28683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.28683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.28683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.28683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.59396892786026,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"often":[4],"face":[5],"ethical":[6,67],"tradeoffs":[7],"in":[8,151,182],"which":[9],"several":[10],"responses":[11,57,90],"may":[12],"be":[13],"defensible":[14],"but":[15],"express":[16],"different":[17],"priorities,":[18],"such":[19],"as":[20,112],"fairness,":[21],"honesty,":[22],"courage,":[23],"or":[24,51],"restraint.":[25],"We":[26,99,144,172],"introduce":[27],"VirtueMap,":[28],"a":[29,44,152],"framework":[30],"for":[31,43,75,80],"describing":[32],"these":[33,127],"patterns":[34],"through":[35],"an":[36,85,175],"Aristotelian":[37],"virtue-ethics":[38],"lens.":[39],"Instead":[40],"of":[41,60,87,96],"asking":[42],"single":[45],"correct":[46],"answer,":[47],"VirtueMap":[48,146],"asks":[49],"humans":[50],"LLMs":[52],"to":[53,58,93,147],"rank":[54,159],"all":[55],"five":[56,89],"each":[59,81],"seven":[61],"general,":[62],"non-lethal,":[63],"non-political,":[64],"and":[65,83,109,142,155,170,185],"non-religious":[66],"dilemmas.":[68],"To":[69],"define":[70],"the":[71,88,163,183],"reference":[72],"orderings":[73,129],"used":[74],"scoring,":[76],"we":[77],"first":[78],"proposed,":[79],"dilemma":[82],"virtue,":[84],"ordering":[86,108],"from":[91],"most":[92],"least":[94,119],"expressive":[95],"that":[97,178],"virtue.":[98],"then":[100],"collected":[101],"more":[102],"than":[103],"100":[104],"respondent":[105],"evaluations":[106],"per":[107],"retained":[110,128],"it":[111],"operational":[113],"ground":[114],"truth":[115],"only":[116],"when":[117],"at":[118],"95%":[120],"confirmed":[121],"it.":[122],"Rankings":[123],"are":[124],"scored":[125],"against":[126],"using":[130],"normalized":[131],"Borda":[132],"alignment,":[133],"yielding":[134],"profiles":[135,180],"over":[136],"Practical":[137],"Wisdom,":[138],"Justice,":[139],"Truthfulness,":[140],"Courage,":[141,168],"Temperance.":[143],"apply":[145],"nine":[148],"LLM":[149,190],"families":[150],"repeated-run":[153],"evaluation":[154],"find":[156],"high":[157],"mean":[158],"consistency":[160],"(90.3%),":[161],"with":[162,188],"largest":[164],"differences":[165],"appearing":[166],"on":[167],"Temperance,":[169],"Justice.":[171],"also":[173],"release":[174],"interactive":[176],"website":[177],"computes":[179],"locally":[181],"browser":[184],"compares":[186],"respondents":[187],"measured":[189],"profiles.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-07-01T00:00:00"}
