{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166735945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.28436","title":"Dockerless: Environment-Free Program Verifier for Coding Agents","display_name":"Dockerless: Environment-Free Program Verifier for Coding Agents","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166735945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.28436"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.28436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.28436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.28436","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004051832","display_name":"Wenhao Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1211-1302"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeng, Wenhao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100902783","display_name":"Y Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi, Yuling","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139642152","display_name":"Xiaodong Gu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gu, Xiaodong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139671912","display_name":"Chao Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Chao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121805233","display_name":"Pei Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Chaofan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139699072","display_name":"Yuhao Cui","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cui, Yuhao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139641679","display_name":"Hongting Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Hongting","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101277570","display_name":"Mengnan Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi, Mengnan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050515088","display_name":"Jianqiao Wangni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4454-1744"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wangni, Jianqiao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139653593","display_name":"Zhaojian Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Zhaojian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139677367","display_name":"Shuzheng Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Shuzheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139659564","display_name":"Kai Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cai, Kai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139680157","display_name":"Shilin He","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He, Shilin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.47290000319480896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.47290000319480896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.11129999905824661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.04529999941587448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.8424999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5558000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5033000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit-testing","display_name":"Unit testing","score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.41429999470710754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.8424999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5558000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5033000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43369999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148027188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907375","display_name":"Unit testing","level":3,"score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4242999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.41429999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.3605000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.30140000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.28436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.28436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.28436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.28436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Program":[0],"verifiers":[1],"play":[2],"a":[3,79,106],"central":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6],"training":[7],"coding":[8],"agents,":[9],"including":[10],"selecting":[11],"trajectories":[12],"for":[13,20],"supervised":[14],"fine-tuning":[15],"(SFT)":[16],"and":[17,101,117,125,136],"providing":[18],"rewards":[19],"reinforcement":[21],"learning":[22],"(RL).":[23],"Standard":[24],"execution-based":[25],"verification":[26],"requires":[27],"running":[28],"unit":[29],"tests":[30],"inside":[31],"per-repository":[32],"environments":[33],"such":[34],"as":[35,95],"Docker":[36],"images,":[37],"incurring":[38],"substantial":[39],"environment":[40],"setup":[41],"costs.":[42],"We":[43],"propose":[44],"Dockerless,":[45],"an":[46],"environment-free":[47,108],"agentic":[48,75],"patch":[49,69],"verifier":[50,80,88],"that":[51],"evaluates":[52],"generated":[53],"code":[54],"patches":[55,64],"without":[56],"executing":[57],"them.":[58],"Rather":[59],"than":[60],"simply":[61],"matching":[62,139],"candidate":[63],"to":[65],"references,":[66],"Dockerless":[67,83,94],"judges":[68],"correctness":[70],"using":[71],"evidence":[72],"gathered":[73],"through":[74],"repository":[76],"exploration.":[77],"On":[78],"evaluation":[81],"benchmark,":[82],"outperforms":[84],"the":[85,97,102,130],"strongest":[86],"open-source":[87],"by":[89,133],"14.3":[90],"AUC":[91],"points.":[92],"Using":[93],"both":[96],"SFT":[98],"trajectory":[99],"filter":[100],"RL":[103],"reward":[104],"enables":[105],"fully":[107],"post-training":[109],"pipeline.":[110],"The":[111],"resulting":[112],"model":[113],"reaches":[114],"62.0%,":[115],"50.0%,":[116],"35.2%":[118],"resolve":[119],"rate":[120],"on":[121],"SWE-bench":[122],"Verified,":[123],"Multilingual,":[124],"Pro,":[126],"respectively.":[127],"It":[128],"surpasses":[129],"Qwen3.5-9B":[131],"baseline":[132],"2.4,":[134],"8.7,":[135],"2.9":[137],"points,":[138],"environment-based":[140],"post-training.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-07-01T00:00:00"}