{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165867044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.25001","title":"Erased, but Not Gone: Output Forgetting Is Not True Forgetting","display_name":"Erased, but Not Gone: Output Forgetting Is Not True Forgetting","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165867044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.25001"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.25001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.25001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.25001","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139327707","display_name":"Teresa Pui Yee Yong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong, Teresa Pui Yee","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093751260","display_name":"Win Kent Ong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ong, Win Kent","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070805897","display_name":"Chee Seng Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7677-2865"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan, Chee Seng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.5471000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.5471000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.09780000150203705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.06650000065565109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forgetting","display_name":"Forgetting","score":0.9293000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.7506999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retraining","display_name":"Retraining","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motivated-forgetting","display_name":"Motivated forgetting","score":0.5565000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.32739999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7149132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377840","display_name":"Forgetting","level":2,"score":0.9293000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.7506999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778712577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505966","display_name":"Retraining","level":2,"score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95012187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6917862","display_name":"Motivated forgetting","level":3,"score":0.5565000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4611999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44690001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.42879998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.25001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.25001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.25001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.25001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4908960163593292,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"unlearning":[1,69],"(MU)":[2],"is":[3,144,163],"commonly":[4],"judged":[5],"by":[6,146],"output":[7,103,178],"forgetting,":[8,47],"such":[9],"as":[10,60],"low":[11],"forget-set":[12],"accuracy":[13],"or":[14],"reduced":[15],"logit-level":[16],"membership":[17],"inference.":[18],"But":[19],"if":[20],"output-level":[21,83],"success":[22,89],"can":[23,85],"coexist":[24],"with":[25,116],"retraining-inconsistent":[26],"residuals":[27,153],"in":[28,138],"representation":[29,46,139],"space,":[30],"what":[31,177],"kind":[32],"of":[33,90],"forgetting":[34,168,179],"are":[35],"current":[36,96,161],"evaluations":[37],"actually":[38],"certifying?":[39],"We":[40],"study":[41],"this":[42,93],"question":[43],"through":[44],"retraining-consistent":[45,171],"using":[48],"the":[49,57,88,102],"retrained":[50],"model":[51],"(i.e.,":[52],"trained":[53],"from":[54],"scratch":[55],"without":[56],"forget":[58,119],"data)":[59],"an":[61],"operational":[62],"reference":[63],"for":[64,166],"correct":[65],"forgetting.":[66,172],"Across":[67],"multiple":[68],"methods,":[70],"datasets,":[71],"and":[72,77,127,151],"models,":[73],"our":[74],"theoretical":[75],"analysis":[76],"empirical":[78],"results":[79,158],"show":[80],"that":[81,160],"standard":[82],"evaluation":[84],"systematically":[86],"overestimate":[87],"unlearning.":[91],"Under":[92],"stronger":[94],"lens,":[95],"methods":[97],"often":[98,164],"appear":[99],"forgotten":[100],"at":[101],"layer":[104],"while":[105],"exhibiting":[106],"a":[107],"structured":[108,142],"mismatch":[109,143],"relative":[110],"to":[111],"retraining.":[112],"They":[113],"partially":[114],"align":[115],"retraining":[117,175],"on":[118,124],"samples,":[120,126],"remain":[121],"more":[122],"inconsistent":[123],"retain":[125],"leave":[128],"residual":[129],"discrepancy":[130],"concentrated":[131,152],"along":[132,154],"retraining-related":[133,155],"directions":[134],"rather":[135,169],"than":[136,170],"diffuse":[137],"space.":[140],"This":[141],"characterized":[145],"forget/retain":[147],"asymmetry,":[148],"directional":[149],"mismatch,":[150],"directions.":[156],"These":[157],"suggest":[159],"MU":[162],"evaluated":[165],"apparent":[167],"More":[173],"broadly,":[174],"reveals":[176],"hides.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-06-26T00:00:00"}