{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165784170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.24370","title":"When Helpfulness Overrides Causal Caution: Context-Dependent Suppression and Recovery in LLMs","display_name":"When Helpfulness Overrides Causal Caution: Context-Dependent Suppression and Recovery in LLMs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165784170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.24370"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.24370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.24370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.24370","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112676396","display_name":"Hiroshi Okumura","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Okumura, Hiroshi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112676396"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.20409999787807465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.20409999787807465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.1348000019788742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.125900000333786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.6079000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.6047999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-analysis","display_name":"Causal analysis","score":0.5012999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.46959999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.43160000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-reasoning","display_name":"Causal reasoning","score":0.41780000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sophistication","display_name":"Sophistication","score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-chain","display_name":"Causal chain","score":0.3799999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.6079000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.6047999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5485000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987525970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96374569","display_name":"Causal analysis","level":2,"score":0.5012999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.46959999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.43160000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115086926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17004651","display_name":"Causal reasoning","level":3,"score":0.41780000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168725872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q991663","display_name":"Sophistication","level":2,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79897977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054568","display_name":"Causal chain","level":2,"score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.3763999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781265381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5710255","display_name":"Helpfulness","level":2,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83136003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054565","display_name":"Causal decision theory","level":5,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316694","display_name":"Rhetorical question","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37381756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20203288","display_name":"Representativeness heuristic","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781466463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621695","display_name":"Blame","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.24370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.24370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.24370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.24370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7706456184387207,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4],"increasingly":[5],"integrated":[6],"into":[7],"decision-support":[8],"roles":[9],"in":[10,112,119,202,221],"business":[11],"and":[12,98],"policy":[13],"contexts.":[14,69],"While":[15],"prior":[16],"benchmark":[17],"studies":[18],"have":[19],"primarily":[20],"evaluated":[21],"LLMs'":[22],"causal":[23,43,166,238],"reasoning":[24],"capabilities,":[25],"a":[26,242],"more":[27],"fundamental":[28],"epistemic":[29],"dimension":[30],"has":[31],"been":[32],"overlooked:":[33],"Causal":[34,57,77,106,151,173,200],"Caution,":[35],"defined":[36],"as":[37],"the":[38,53,163,170,197],"propensity":[39],"to":[40,66,117,135,175],"refrain":[41],"from":[42,64,162,237],"judgment":[44,161],"when":[45,61,133],"empirical":[46],"evidence":[47],"is":[48],"insufficient.":[49],"This":[50],"study":[51],"examines":[52],"systematic":[54],"suppression":[55,217],"of":[56,146,165,172,178,199],"Caution":[58,107,174,201],"that":[59,191,215,230,233],"occurs":[60],"LLMs":[62,88],"shift":[63],"academic":[65,113],"practical":[67,120,136,203],"advisory":[68,121,204],"Using":[70],"an":[71,225],"evaluation":[72],"rubric":[73],"inspired":[74],"by":[75],"Pearl's":[76],"Hierarchy":[78],"(the":[79],"PCH":[80],"score),":[81],"we":[82],"conducted":[83],"experiments":[84],"on":[85],"four":[86],"high-performance":[87],"--":[89,102,157,168],"Claude":[90,93],"Sonnet":[91],"4.6,":[92],"Opus":[94],"4.7,":[95],"GPT":[96],"5.5,":[97],"Gemini":[99],"3.1":[100],"Pro":[101],"across":[103,129,185],"480":[104],"trials.":[105],"maintenance":[108,176],"rates":[109,177],"were":[110],"91.7--100.0%":[111],"contexts":[114,122],"but":[115],"dropped":[116],"6.7--18.3%":[118],"(Fisher's":[123],"exact":[124],"test,":[125,181],"p":[126,182],"<":[127,183],".001":[128,184],"all":[130,186],"models).":[131,187],"Furthermore,":[132],"restricted":[134],"prompts":[137],"requesting":[138],"concrete":[139],"recommendations":[140],"or":[141],"explanatory":[142],"rationales,":[143],"only":[144],"1":[145],"200":[147],"responses":[148],"(0.5%)":[149],"maintained":[150],"Caution.":[152],"A":[153],"brief":[154],"self-correction":[155],"prompt":[156],"\"Please":[158],"reconsider":[159],"this":[160,216],"perspective":[164],"relationships\"":[167],"restored":[169],"expression":[171,198,222],"71.4--100.0%":[179],"(McNemar's":[180],"These":[188],"results":[189],"suggest":[190],"helpfulness-oriented":[192],"response":[193],"patterns":[194],"may":[195,240],"suppress":[196],"contexts,":[205],"with":[206],"important":[207],"implications":[208],"for":[209],"organizational":[210],"governance.":[211],"The":[212],"findings":[213],"indicate":[214],"reflects":[218],"context-dependent":[219],"variation":[220],"rather":[223],"than":[224],"underlying":[226],"capability":[227],"limitation,":[228],"suggesting":[229],"multi-agent":[231],"architectures":[232],"separate":[234],"proposal":[235],"generation":[236],"auditing":[239],"offer":[241],"promising":[243],"governance":[244],"design.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-06-25T00:00:00"}