{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165644501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.22447","title":"A Differentiable Atari VCS:A Complex, Fully Known Ground Truth for Explainable AI","display_name":"A Differentiable Atari VCS:A Complex, Fully Known Ground Truth for Explainable AI","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165644501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.22447"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.22447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.22447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.22447","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139183064","display_name":"Andreas Maier","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maier, Andreas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053698756","display_name":"Siming Bayer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2874-4805"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bayer, Siming","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062539159","display_name":"Patrick Krau\u00df","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6611-7733"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krauss, Patrick","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.003599999938160181,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differentiable-function","display_name":"Differentiable function","score":0.8181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.58160001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow","display_name":"Control flow","score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.36550000309944153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202615002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783507","display_name":"Differentiable function","level":2,"score":0.8181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7275999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.58160001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5461000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160191386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868299","display_name":"Control flow","level":2,"score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.40619999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4032000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96147967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190686","display_name":"Subroutine","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32802771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443617","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73752529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79872","display_name":"Object-oriented programming","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2565000057220459}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.22447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.22447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.22447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.22447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7409340143203735,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Explanation":[0],"requires":[1],"ground":[2],"truth:":[3],"to":[4,79],"verify":[5],"an":[6,68],"account":[7],"of":[8,118,218,238],"a":[9,44,86,162,167,210,255],"system":[10,225],"we":[11,28,175],"must":[12],"know":[13],"its":[14],"inner":[15,65],"functioning-just":[16],"what":[17],"is":[18,24,263,269],"missing":[19],"where":[20,199],"explainable":[21],"AI":[22],"(XAI)":[23],"most":[25],"needed.":[26],"Systems":[27],"can":[29,70],"study":[30,87],"fall":[31],"into":[32],"two":[33,122],"camps.":[34],"Simple,":[35],"procedural":[36],"one-decision":[37],"trees,":[38],"rule":[39],"lists,":[40],"sparse":[41],"linear":[42],"models-have":[43],"known":[45],"but":[46,61],"trivial":[47],"mechanism,":[48],"so":[49,67,97],"explaining":[50],"them":[51],"tests":[52],"nothing;":[53],"genuinely":[54,90],"complex":[55,91],"ones-deep":[56],"networks,":[57],"real-world":[58],"tasks-need":[59],"XAI":[60,260],"have":[62],"no":[63,77],"ground-truth":[64],"functioning,":[66],"explanation":[69],"be":[71],"plausible,":[72],"confident,":[73],"and":[74,92,115,130,153,170,248,253],"wrong":[75],"with":[76,85],"way":[78],"tell.":[80],"We":[81,103],"remove":[82],"this":[83],"dichotomy":[84],"object":[88],"both":[89],"fully":[93,101],"specified-inspectable":[94],"by":[95,242],"construction-and,":[96],"gradient":[98,257],"methods":[99],"apply,":[100],"differentiable.":[102],"reimplement":[104],"the":[105,116,158,177,182,188,200,250,272],"Atari":[106],"2600":[107],"Video":[108],"Computer":[109],"System":[110],"(VCS)-a":[111],"real":[112],"computer":[113],"architecture,":[114],"cradle":[117],"deep":[119],"reinforcement":[120],"learning-as":[121],"independent":[123],"end-to-end":[124],"differentiable":[125,178,214],"emulators":[126],"in":[127,187,228,254],"Julia":[128],"(jutari)":[129],"JAX":[131,206],"(jaxtari),":[132],"each":[133],"validated":[134],"bit-for-bit":[135,186],"against":[136],"xitari.":[137],"Both":[138,265],"reproduce":[139],"xitari":[140],"on":[141,220,261],"all":[142],"64":[143],"supported":[144],"Arcade":[145],"Learning":[146],"Environment":[147],"(ALE)":[148],"games:":[149],"64/64":[150,154],"byte-identical":[151],"RAM":[152,165],"pixel-identical":[155],"screens.":[156],"Treating":[157],"cartridge":[159],"ROM":[160],"as":[161,166,173],"weight":[163],"tensor,":[164],"soft":[168],"tape,":[169],"control":[171],"flow":[172],"gates,":[174],"prove":[176],"(soft)":[179],"execution":[180],"equals":[181],"original":[183],"(hard)":[184],"one":[185,221],"forward":[189],"pass":[190],"at":[191,275],"any":[192],"finite":[193],"temperature,":[194],"while":[195],"exposing":[196],"surrogate":[197],"gradients":[198],"bit":[201],"logic":[202],"has":[203],"none.":[204],"The":[205,224],"port":[207],"also":[208],"opens":[209],"GPU":[211],"path:":[212],"batched":[213],"rollouts":[215],"reach":[216],"millions":[217],"environment-steps/s":[219],"commodity":[222],"GPU.":[223],"was":[226],"built":[227],"roughly":[229],"137":[230],"active":[231],"hours":[232],"over":[233],"29":[234],"calendar":[235],"days,":[236],"much":[237],"it":[239,262],"written":[240],"autonomously":[241],"coding":[243],"agents.":[244],"This":[245],"paper":[246],"builds":[247],"validates":[249],"foundation,":[251],"showing-theoretically":[252],"qualitative":[256],"study-that":[258],"gradient-based":[259],"feasible.":[264],"ports'":[266],"full":[267],"code":[268],"available":[270],"under":[271],"MIT":[273],"license":[274],"https://github.com/akmaier/UnderstandingVCS.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-06-24T00:00:00"}