{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165629739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20717","title":"MIRAGE: Stealthy Visual Prompt Injection for Vulnerability Detection in Web Agents","display_name":"MIRAGE: Stealthy Visual Prompt Injection for Vulnerability Detection in Web Agents","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165629739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20717"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.20717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20717","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139175356","display_name":"Xuelong Dai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dai, Xuelong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085158197","display_name":"J Y","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ma, Jianyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139210084","display_name":"Boyang Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ma, Boyang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139152355","display_name":"Biwei Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan, Biwei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139210706","display_name":"Yijun Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Yijun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139194988","display_name":"Yue Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.7332000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.7332000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.07639999687671661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.021400000900030136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6621000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5715000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.49079999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-service","display_name":"Web service","score":0.4668999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threat-model","display_name":"Threat model","score":0.3898000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.37779998779296875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6621000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5715000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5217000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.49079999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.4668999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.3898000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.20717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.20717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5723233222961426,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multimodal":[0],"Large":[1],"Language":[2],"Model":[3],"(MLLM)-based":[4],"web":[5,54,164],"agents":[6,31],"provide":[7],"practical,":[8],"high-precision":[9],"solutions":[10],"for":[11,107],"visual":[12,102],"browser":[13],"automation;":[14],"however,":[15],"they":[16],"inherently":[17],"expand":[18],"the":[19,57,125,130,173],"attack":[20,136],"surface,":[21],"introducing":[22],"novel":[23,101],"vision-based":[24],"vulnerabilities.":[25],"Existing":[26],"adversarial":[27,120,151],"evaluations":[28,160],"targeting":[29],"these":[30,94],"frequently":[32],"rely":[33],"on":[34],"permissive":[35],"threat":[36],"models":[37,115],"and":[38,169,176],"visually":[39],"conspicuous":[40],"artifacts.":[41],"In":[42],"this":[43],"paper,":[44],"we":[45,97,143],"investigate":[46],"a":[47,52,68,74,85,89,100,140,145],"constrained":[48,78],"vulnerability":[49],"detection":[50],"setting:":[51],"trusted":[53,131],"platform":[55],"where":[56],"evaluator":[58],"acts":[59],"solely":[60],"as":[61,67,81],"an":[62,82],"unprivileged":[63],"third":[64],"party,":[65],"such":[66,80,139],"merchant":[69],"or":[70,88],"advertiser,":[71],"controlling":[72],"only":[73],"semantically":[75],"legitimate,":[76],"spatially":[77],"region,":[79],"ad":[83],"slot,":[84],"sponsored":[86],"card,":[87],"localized":[90],"widget.":[91],"Operating":[92],"under":[93],"realistic":[95],"constraints,":[96],"propose":[98],"MIRAGE,":[99],"indirect":[103],"prompt":[104],"injection":[105],"framework":[106],"targeted":[108],"next-action":[109],"hijacking.":[110],"Our":[111],"approach":[112],"leverages":[113],"diffusion":[114,152],"to":[116,124],"generate":[117],"perceptually":[118],"benign":[119],"images":[121],"strictly":[122],"confined":[123],"attacker-controlled":[126],"boundaries":[127],"permitted":[128],"by":[129],"service":[132],"provider.":[133],"To":[134],"maximize":[135],"efficacy":[137],"within":[138],"restrictive":[141],"setting,":[142],"introduce":[144],"robust":[146],"optimization":[147],"technique":[148],"combining":[149],"curvature-aware":[150],"guidance":[153],"with":[154],"sparse,":[155],"dark-pixel":[156],"residual":[157],"perturbations.":[158],"Comprehensive":[159],"against":[161],"prominent":[162],"MLLM":[163],"agent":[165],"frameworks,":[166],"specifically":[167],"SeeAct":[168],"OpenClaw,":[170],"empirically":[171],"demonstrate":[172],"potency,":[174],"realism,":[175],"stealth":[177],"of":[178],"our":[179],"proposed":[180],"MIRAGE.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-24T00:00:00"}