{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165413662","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20455","title":"PCFootprint: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Vectorized Building Footprint Extraction from Aerial LiDAR Point Clouds","display_name":"PCFootprint: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Vectorized Building Footprint Extraction from Aerial LiDAR Point Clouds","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165413662","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20455"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.20455","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20455","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20455","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138969879","display_name":"Haoyuan Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shen, Haoyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139009457","display_name":"Kuihao Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Kuihao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138971340","display_name":"Ruisheng Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Ruisheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139009240","display_name":"Yujun Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Yujun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9196000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9196000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.03819999843835831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.009800000116229057,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/footprint","display_name":"Footprint","score":0.8579000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.7505000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6040999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5357999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.42010000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compositing","display_name":"Compositing","score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraction","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","score":0.37860000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132943942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511","display_name":"Footprint","level":2,"score":0.8579000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.7505000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6165000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.614799976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6040999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5357999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.42010000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129315195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1121886","display_name":"Compositing","level":3,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60478076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3036835","display_name":"Reference data","level":2,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12780434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q619798","display_name":"Geomatics","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.20455","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20455","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.20455","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20455","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8099725842475891,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Building":[0],"footprint":[1,46,77],"extraction":[2,78],"is":[3,178],"a":[4,122],"fundamental":[5],"task":[6],"in":[7,21,166],"photogrammetry,":[8],"remote":[9],"sensing,":[10],"and":[11,38,94,101,153,172],"computer":[12],"vision.":[13],"Recent":[14],"image-based":[15],"methods":[16],"have":[17],"achieved":[18],"remarkable":[19],"progress":[20],"extracting":[22],"vectorized":[23,113],"footprints":[24,114],"from":[25,79,90],"high-resolution":[26],"optical":[27,30],"imagery.":[28],"However,":[29],"imagery":[31],"inherently":[32],"susceptible":[33],"to":[34,59,116],"occlusions,":[35],"perspective":[36],"distortions,":[37],"residual":[39],"relief":[40],"displacement,":[41],"yielding":[42],"incomplete":[43],"or":[44],"misaligned":[45],"extraction.":[47],"Furthermore,":[48],"the":[49,71,91],"lack":[50],"of":[51,61],"explicit":[52],"elevation":[53],"information":[54],"limits":[55],"its":[56],"direct":[57],"applicability":[58],"Level":[60],"Detail":[62],"building":[63,167],"modeling.":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66],"paper,":[67],"we":[68],"present":[69],"PCFootprint,":[70],"first":[72],"large-scale":[73],"public":[74],"dataset":[75,120,177],"for":[76,128],"airborne":[80],"laser":[81],"scanning":[82],"point":[83,117],"clouds.":[84,118],"PCFootprint":[85,161,176],"comprises":[86],"\\num{33000}":[87],"tiles":[88,124],"derived":[89],"Estonian":[92],"Land":[93],"Spatial":[95],"Development":[96],"Board,":[97],"covering":[98],"diverse":[99],"urban":[100,169],"rural":[102],"landscapes.":[103],"Each":[104],"tile":[105],"spans":[106],"\\qtyproduct{128":[107],"x":[108],"128}{\\m}":[109],"with":[110],"systematically":[111],"aligned":[112,115],"The":[119,175],"includes":[121],"\\num{3000}":[123],"cross-domain":[125],"test":[126],"set":[127],"evaluating":[129,139],"generalization":[130],"across":[131,155],"geographic":[132],"regions.":[133],"We":[134,159],"establish":[135],"comprehensive":[136],"benchmarks":[137],"by":[138],"mainstream":[140],"methods.":[141],"Experimental":[142],"results":[143],"reveal":[144],"significant":[145],"challenges":[146],"including":[147],"high":[148],"intra-class":[149],"variance,":[150],"data":[151],"imbalance,":[152],"noise":[154],"complex":[156],"geospatial":[157,173],"environments.":[158],"believe":[160],"will":[162],"advance":[163],"future":[164],"research":[165],"modeling,":[168],"scene":[170],"understanding,":[171],"analysis.":[174],"publicly":[179],"available":[180],"at":[181],"\\url{https://huggingface.co/datasets/Haoyuan-Shen/PCFootprint}.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-06-20T00:00:00"}
