{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165396162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20264","title":"Confidence-Aware Automated Assessment of Student-Drawn Scientific Models","display_name":"Confidence-Aware Automated Assessment of Student-Drawn Scientific Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165396162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20264"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.20264","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20264","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108970041","display_name":"Luyang Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2465-6864"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang, Luyang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125026196","display_name":"Yingchuan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Yingchuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138995299","display_name":"Jongchan Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Park, Jongchan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123743733","display_name":"Zhaoji Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Zhaoji","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138988031","display_name":"Ping Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ma, Ping","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139014238","display_name":"Xiaoming Zhai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhai, Xiaoming","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.4246000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.4246000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.19439999759197235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.10350000113248825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.6035000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.5501000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.32659998536109924}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.6035000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.5501000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4763000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984917352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12772819","display_name":"Scientific discovery","level":2,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984538763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260590","display_name":"Scoring system","level":2,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.20264","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.20264","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.20264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.625085711479187}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Student-generated":[0],"drawings":[1,27,58],"are":[2],"widely":[3],"used":[4],"in":[5,13,45],"science":[6],"education":[7],"to":[8,32,41],"assess":[9],"learners'":[10],"conceptual":[11],"understanding":[12],"modeling-based":[14],"tasks":[15],"aligned":[16],"with":[17,69],"the":[18,114,132],"Next":[19],"Generation":[20],"Science":[21],"Standards":[22],"(NGSS).":[23],"However,":[24],"scoring":[25,54,76,93,118,129],"such":[26],"requires":[28],"expert":[29],"human":[30,102],"judgment":[31],"interpret":[33],"complex":[34],"visual":[35],"representations,":[36],"making":[37],"large-scale":[38],"assessment":[39,110],"costly":[40],"implement":[42],"and":[43,72,128],"sustain":[44],"classroom":[46],"settings.":[47],"In":[48],"this":[49],"work,":[50],"we":[51],"study":[52],"automated":[53,126],"of":[55,134],"student-generated":[56],"scientific":[57],"using":[59],"a":[60,65,74,122],"vision-based":[61],"model.":[62],"We":[63],"evaluate":[64],"Vision":[66],"Transformer":[67],"(ViT)":[68],"parameter-efficient":[70],"adaptation":[71],"propose":[73],"confidence-aware":[75,135],"framework":[77],"that":[78,113],"derives":[79],"response-level":[80],"confidence":[81,87],"from":[82],"test-time":[83],"predictive":[84],"distributions.":[85],"This":[86],"signal":[88],"enables":[89],"selective":[90],"automation":[91],"by":[92],"high-confidence":[94],"responses":[95],"automatically":[96],"while":[97,120],"deferring":[98],"uncertain":[99],"cases":[100],"for":[101,137],"review.":[103],"Experiments":[104],"on":[105],"six":[106],"NGSS-aligned":[107],"middle":[108],"school":[109],"items":[111],"show":[112],"proposed":[115],"approach":[116],"improves":[117],"reliability":[119],"supporting":[121],"practical":[123],"trade-off":[124],"between":[125],"coverage":[127],"risk,":[130],"highlighting":[131],"value":[133],"methods":[136],"trustworthy":[138],"educational":[139],"assessment.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-06-20T00:00:00"}
