{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165400731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.19539","title":"Review of Machine Learning Models for Solar Energetic Particle Prediction","display_name":"Review of Machine Learning Models for Solar Energetic Particle Prediction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165400731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.19539"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.19539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.19539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.19539","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004506519","display_name":"Spiridon Kasapis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0972-8642"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kasapis, Spiridon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011153952","display_name":"Pouya Hosseinzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8045-2709"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hosseinzadeh, Pouya","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091769129","display_name":"Kathryn Whitman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3787-1622"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Whitman, Kathryn","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009049731","display_name":"Ricky Egeland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4996-0753"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Egeland, Ricky","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137410645","display_name":"Manolis Georgoulis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6913-1330"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgoulis, Manolis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138969311","display_name":"Angelos Vourlidas","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vourlidas, Angelos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020390751","display_name":"Athanasios Papaioannou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9479-8644"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Papaioannou, Athanasios","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088092236","display_name":"Eleni Lavasa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1192-0868"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lavasa, Eleni","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022661255","display_name":"A. Anastasiadis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5162-8821"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anastasiadis, Anastasios","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037415488","display_name":"Giorgos Giannopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8252-9869"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giannopoulos, Giorgos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084749502","display_name":"Andr\u00e9s Mu\u00f1oz\u2010Jaramillo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4716-0840"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Munoz-Jaramillo, Andres","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139016119","display_name":"Bala Poduval","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Poduval, Bala","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138971671","display_name":"Irina N. Kitiashvili","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kitiashvili, Irina N.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139004597","display_name":"Alexander G. Kosovichev","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kosovichev, Alexander G.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135487859","display_name":"Viacheslav Sadykov","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadykov, Viacheslav","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135511610","display_name":"Soukaina Filali Boubrahimi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boubrahimi, Soukaina Filali","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139014167","display_name":"Tate T. Hutchins","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hutchins, Tate T.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048778506","display_name":"Hameedullah Farooki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7952-8032"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farooki, Hameedullah A.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137402307","display_name":"Manuel E. Cuesta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7341-2992"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cuesta, Manuel E.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138988679","display_name":"Leng Y. Khoo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khoo, Leng Y.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080843593","display_name":"Sungmin Pak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2847-7110"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pak, Sungmin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006948262","display_name":"Robert Czarnota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3153-9044"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Czarnota, Robert","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034114066","display_name":"J. S. Rankin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8111-1444"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rankin, Jamie S.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128904255","display_name":"Jamey Szalay","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Szalay, Jamey","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139014392","display_name":"Mitchell M. Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shen, Mitchell M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018178645","display_name":"Georgios Livadiotis","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Livadiotis, Georgios","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073136550","display_name":"Zhewei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4718-6175"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Zigong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087930598","display_name":"D. J. McComas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6160-1158"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"McComas, David J.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108810040","display_name":"Nikolaos Sarlis","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarlis, Nikolaos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138978836","display_name":"Dionissios Hristopulos","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hristopulos, Dionissios","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138973589","display_name":"Arik Posner","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Posner, Arik","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138967630","display_name":"Alec J. Engell","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Engell, Alec J.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091517743","display_name":"M Haider Ali","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali, Mohammed AbuBakr","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032820822","display_name":"A. Abdel-Kawy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8939-0759"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelkawy, Ali G. A.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102818428","display_name":"Abdelrazek M. K. Shaltout","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0211-3231"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaltout, Abdelrazek M. K.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081277620","display_name":"M. M. Beheary","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beheary, M. M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080924936","display_name":"Christina O. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1604-3326"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lee, Christina O.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007830357","display_name":"Sigiava Aminalragia\u2010Giamini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1162-5842"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aminalragia-Giamini, Sigiava","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135477672","display_name":"Constantinos Papadimitriou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Papadimitriou, Constantinos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047147526","display_name":"Ingmar Sandberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9716-608X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandberg, Ingmar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139024593","display_name":"Savvas Raptis","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raptis, Savvas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050715780","display_name":"Shah Muhammad Hamdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9303-7835"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamdi, Shah Muhammad","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020324304","display_name":"Monica Laurenza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5481-4534"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurenza, Monica","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076228162","display_name":"Mirko Stumpo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6303-5329"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stumpo, Mirko","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043596517","display_name":"Sumanth A. Rotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1080-3424"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rotti, Sumanth A.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009288199","display_name":"India Jackson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5404-8689"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jackson, India","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138995363","display_name":"Aatiya Ali","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali, Aatiya","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133237075","display_name":"Atilim Gunes Baydin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baydin, Atilim Gunes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128936302","display_name":"Nathan Schwadron","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schwadron, Nathan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139006295","display_name":"Subhamoy Chatterjee","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chatterjee, Subhamoy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139010507","display_name":"Maher A. Dayeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dayeh, Maher A.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046610769","display_name":"Gelu M. Nita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2846-2453"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nita, Gelu M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087428387","display_name":"Patrick O'Keefe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5006-4980"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"O'Keefe, Patrick M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113377245","display_name":"Chun Jie Chong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chong, Chun Jie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139003483","display_name":"Paul Kosovich","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kosovich, Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028382266","display_name":"Russell D. Marroquin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3364-7463"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marroquin, Russell D.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139001928","display_name":"Berkay Aydin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aydin, Berkay","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138973424","display_name":"Petrus C. Martens","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martens, Petrus C.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021606172","display_name":"L Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Lulu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138989937","display_name":"Yang Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067742432","display_name":"Yian Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9414-9890"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Yian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063470369","display_name":"Monica Bobra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5662-9604"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bobra, Monica G.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129073657","display_name":"Ward Manchester","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manchester, Ward","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128999601","display_name":"Tamas Gombosi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gombosi, Tamas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139011997","display_name":"Ming Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Ming","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139011500","display_name":"Jesse Torres","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Torres, Jesse","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072267835","display_name":"Philip K. Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3878-4205"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan, Philip K.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090741866","display_name":"Mohamed Nedal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9333-6539"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nedal, Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138991279","display_name":"Kamen Kozarev","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kozarev, Kamen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056795737","display_name":"P Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Peijin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020407884","display_name":"Kimberly Moreland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6202-8565"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moreland, Kimberly","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138988027","display_name":"Hazel M. Bain","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bain, Hazel M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011628052","display_name":"Samuel Hart","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hart, Samuel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007927207","display_name":"M. J. Starkey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7514-6571"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Starkey, Michael J.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012719644","display_name":"A. G. Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8768-1819"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling, Alan G.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039065155","display_name":"Simone Benella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7102-5032"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benella, Simone","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.9624000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.9624000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.020600000396370888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4927999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spacecraft","display_name":"Spacecraft","score":0.4555000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-modelling","display_name":"Empirical modelling","score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-energetic-particles","display_name":"Solar energetic particles","score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-weather","display_name":"Space weather","score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-exploration","display_name":"Space exploration","score":0.32820001244544983}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4927999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29829512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218","display_name":"Spacecraft","level":2,"score":0.4555000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45179998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133199616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25386885","display_name":"Empirical modelling","level":2,"score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13019657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6144418","display_name":"Solar energetic particles","level":5,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151325931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584093","display_name":"Space weather","level":2,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32839998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104060986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180046","display_name":"Space exploration","level":2,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987978230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5691173","display_name":"Space radiation","level":3,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776481522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218","display_name":"Orbiter","level":2,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80783014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754062","display_name":"Societal impact of nanotechnology","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.19539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.19539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.19539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.19539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Solar":[0],"energetic":[1],"particle":[2,55],"(SEP)":[3],"events":[4,30,75],"have":[5,95],"attracted":[6],"increasing":[7],"attention":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,70,127],"their":[11,144],"significant":[12],"radiation":[13],"hazards":[14],"for":[15,79,87,115,134,141,159],"aviation,":[16],"spacecraft":[17],"electronics,":[18],"and":[19,47,57,72,86,91,101,117,147,157],"human":[20],"missions":[21],"beyond":[22],"Earth's":[23],"magnetosphere.":[24],"From":[25],"a":[26,37,112],"scientific":[27],"perspective,":[28],"SEP":[29,74,119,135],"are":[31,61],"intriguing":[32],"because":[33],"they":[34],"arise":[35],"from":[36,43],"set":[38],"of":[39,83,123],"physical":[40],"processes":[41],"extending":[42],"the":[44,50,129,138],"solar":[45],"surface":[46],"corona":[48],"through":[49],"heliosphere,":[51],"offering":[52],"insight":[53],"into":[54],"acceleration":[56],"transport":[58],"mechanisms":[59,85],"that":[60],"widely":[62],"applicable":[63],"across":[64],"astrophysics.":[65],"Therefore,":[66],"advancing":[67],"our":[68,81],"ability":[69],"understand":[71],"predict":[73],"is":[76,126],"essential":[77],"both":[78],"deepening":[80],"knowledge":[82],"such":[84],"safeguarding":[88],"space":[89],"technologies":[90],"exploration.":[92],"Traditionally,":[93],"researchers":[94],"modeled":[96],"SEPs":[97],"using":[98],"physics-based":[99],"simulations":[100],"empirical":[102],"methods.":[103],"More":[104],"recently,":[105],"machine":[106],"learning":[107],"(ML)":[108],"has":[109],"emerged":[110],"as":[111],"new":[113],"tool":[114],"understanding":[116],"predicting":[118],"events.":[120],"The":[121],"purpose":[122],"this":[124],"manuscript":[125],"review":[128],"currently":[130],"available":[131],"ML":[132],"models":[133],"prediction,":[136],"identify":[137],"datasets":[139],"used":[140],"training,":[142],"compare":[143],"architectures,":[145],"inputs,":[146],"outputs,":[148],"and,":[149],"based":[150],"on":[151],"these":[152],"insights,":[153],"outline":[154],"good":[155],"practices":[156],"recommendations":[158],"future":[160],"research.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-20T00:00:00"}
