{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165174370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.18941","title":"ESBMC-GraphPLC: Formal Verification of Graphical PLCopen XML Ladder Diagram Programs Using SMT-Based Model Checking","display_name":"ESBMC-GraphPLC: Formal Verification of Graphical PLCopen XML Ladder Diagram Programs Using SMT-Based Model Checking","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165174370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.18941"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.18941","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.18941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.18941","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120634922","display_name":"PIerre Dantas","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dantas, Pierre","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138899054","display_name":"Lucas Cordeiro","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cordeiro, Lucas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138880825","display_name":"Waldir Junior","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junior, Waldir","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.22100000083446503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.22100000083446503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11125","display_name":"Petri Nets in System Modeling","score":0.21709999442100525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.1582999974489212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nondeterministic-algorithm","display_name":"Nondeterministic algorithm","score":0.6085000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xml","display_name":"XML","score":0.5530999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence-diagram","display_name":"Sequence diagram","score":0.44510000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.4235000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-user-interface","display_name":"Graphical user interface","score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.40779998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-model","display_name":"Graphical model","score":0.4068000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.4050999879837036}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.744700014591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176181172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3490301","display_name":"Nondeterministic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.6085000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8797682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2115","display_name":"XML","level":2,"score":0.5530999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.46810001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153185123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391624","display_name":"Sequence diagram","level":4,"score":0.44510000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.4235000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37789001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543","display_name":"Graphical user interface","level":2,"score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.40779998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155846161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143367","display_name":"Graphical model","level":2,"score":0.4068000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146499914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469969","display_name":"Formal semantics (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3686000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.3504999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775940519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17067742","display_name":"Logic model","level":2,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96654402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469962","display_name":"Formal equivalence checking","level":3,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720909","display_name":"Artifact (error)","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141603448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134830","display_name":"Prefix","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182407805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2626534","display_name":"Substring","level":3,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146380142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137726","display_name":"Directed graph","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150569060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32110","display_name":"XSLT","level":3,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9432014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954063","display_name":"Terminal and nonterminal symbols","level":3,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779795794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315343","display_name":"Reset (finance)","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.18941","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.18941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.18941","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.18941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PLCopen":[0],"XML":[1],"defines":[2],"two":[3],"encoding":[4,14,20],"formats":[5],"for":[6],"IEC":[7,110],"61131-3":[8],"Ladder":[9],"Diagram":[10],"programs:":[11],"a":[12,18,26,66,91],"textual":[13,35,157],"using":[15],"elements,":[16],"and":[17,44,89,139],"graphical":[19,39,68,124],"that":[21],"represents":[22],"rung":[23,83,140],"logic":[24],"as":[25,85,179],"directed":[27],"graph":[28,76],"of":[29],"localId/refLocalId":[30],"connections.":[31],"ESBMC-PLC":[32],"supported":[33],"the":[34,74,117,143],"format":[36],"but":[37],"parsed":[38],"exports":[40],"from":[41,77,127],"CONTROLLINO,":[42],"Beremiz,":[43],"OpenPLC":[45],"Editor":[46,129],"into":[47],"an":[48],"empty":[49,144],"GOTO":[50,134],"intermediate":[51],"representation,":[52],"causing":[53],"vacuous":[54],"verification":[55],"success.":[56],"This":[57],"paper":[58],"presents":[59],"ESBMC-GraphPLC,":[60],"which":[61],"closes":[62],"this":[63],"gap":[64],"with":[65,136,163,169],"DFS-based":[67],"LD":[69,125,158,171],"resolver.":[70],"The":[71,113,155],"resolver":[72],"traverses":[73],"connection":[75],"leftPowerRail":[78],"to":[79],"each":[80],"coil,":[81],"extracts":[82],"paths":[84],"Boolean":[86],"contact":[87],"conjunctions,":[88],"applies":[90],"three-tier":[92],"I/O":[93],"inference":[94],"scheme.":[95],"Ordering":[96],"coils":[97,104],"by":[98],"rightPowerRail":[99],"connectionPointIn":[100],"sequence":[101],"ensures":[102],"SET":[103],"process":[105],"before":[106],"RESET":[107],"coils,":[108],"matching":[109],"scan-cycle":[111],"semantics.":[112],"graphical-to-IR":[114],"conversion":[115],"leaves":[116],"ESBMC":[118],"backend":[119],"unchanged.":[120],"Validation":[121],"on":[122],"3":[123,148],"programs":[126],"CONTROLLINO/OpenPLC":[128],"shows":[130],"all":[131],"produce":[132],"full":[133],"IR":[135,145],"nondeterministic":[137],"inputs":[138],"logic,":[141],"versus":[142],"previously.":[146],"All":[147],"verify":[149],"SAFE":[150],"at":[151,183],"k=2":[152],"under":[153],"70ms.":[154],"11":[156],"benchmarks":[159],"are":[160,177],"fully":[161],"preserved,":[162],"no":[164,170],"regression.":[165],"Two":[166],"Beremiz":[167],"examples":[168],"content":[172],"or":[173],"unsupported":[174],"timer":[175],"semantics":[176],"reported":[178],"discovered":[180],"limitations.":[181],"Artifact":[182],"Zenodo":[184],"(DantasCordeiro2026graphical,":[185],"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20699856).":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-06-19T00:00:00"}
