{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165061037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.18098","title":"IsabeLLM: Automated Theorem Proving Applied to Formally Verifying Consensus","display_name":"IsabeLLM: Automated Theorem Proving Applied to Formally Verifying Consensus","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165061037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.18098"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.18098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.18098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.18098","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122926228","display_name":"Elliot Jones","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jones, Elliot","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138770549","display_name":"William Knottenbelt","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Knottenbelt, William","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.13490000367164612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.13490000367164612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.09290000051259995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.07729999721050262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-theorem-proving","display_name":"Automated theorem proving","score":0.6599000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterexample","display_name":"Counterexample","score":0.6050999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.5389000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.46560001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.34779998660087585}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7226999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206880738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431667","display_name":"Automated theorem proving","level":2,"score":0.6599000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162838799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596077","display_name":"Counterexample","level":2,"score":0.6050999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.5389000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.46560001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.45159998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.37929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.32919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195344581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2555318","display_name":"Automated reasoning","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13766981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11387554","display_name":"Automated proof checking","level":3,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203265346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11387554","display_name":"Proof assistant","level":3,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202973057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380130","display_name":"Runtime verification","level":3,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17435882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17030435","display_name":"HOL","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94461902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2762418","display_name":"Formal proof","level":3,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.18098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.18098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.18098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.18098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5279956459999084,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advances":[0],"in":[1,71,105,122,170],"Artificial":[2],"Intelligence":[3],"(AI)":[4],"have":[5],"led":[6],"AI":[7,39],"for":[8,27,136,157],"Theorem":[9],"Proving":[10],"to":[11,31,42,78,101,140,173],"become":[12],"a":[13,44,106,127],"promising":[14],"means":[15],"of":[16,35,47,91,150,164,168,177,180],"formally":[17],"verifying":[18],"computer":[19],"systems.":[20],"Whilst":[21],"formal":[22],"verification":[23,176],"is":[24,94,154],"traditionally":[25],"reserved":[26],"safety-critical":[28],"systems":[29,57,82,93],"due":[30],"the":[32,76,87,95,117,141,147,162,165,175],"required":[33],"amount":[34,46],"expertise":[36],"and":[37,50,62,83,133,152],"effort,":[38],"can":[40],"help":[41],"automate":[43],"large":[45],"this":[48,111],"workload":[49],"make":[51],"it":[52],"far":[53],"more":[54],"accessible.":[55],"Blockchain-based":[56],"are":[58,63],"becoming":[59],"increasingly":[60],"popular":[61],"frequently":[64],"targeted":[65],"by":[66],"malicious":[67],"actors,":[68],"often":[69],"resulting":[70],"huge":[72],"financial":[73],"losses,":[74],"highlighting":[75],"need":[77],"better":[79],"verify":[80],"these":[81,92],"mitigate":[84],"vulnerabilities.":[85],"Arguably":[86],"most":[88],"important":[89],"component":[90],"consensus":[96],"protocol,":[97],"which":[98],"allows":[99],"nodes":[100],"agree":[102],"on":[103],"decisions":[104],"potentially":[107],"adversarial":[108],"environment.":[109],"In":[110],"paper,":[112],"we":[113,125],"improve":[114],"upon":[115],"IsabeLLM,":[116],"automated":[118],"theorem":[119],"proving":[120],"tool":[121],"Isabelle.":[123],"Namely,":[124],"implement":[126],"Retrieval-Augmented":[128],"Generation":[129],"framework,":[130],"Error":[131],"tracing":[132],"counterexample":[134],"generation":[135],"improved":[137,158],"context":[138],"supplied":[139],"Large":[142],"Language":[143],"Model.":[144],"Compatibility":[145],"with":[146],"latest":[148],"version":[149],"Isabelle":[151],"Sledgehammer":[153],"also":[155],"implemented":[156],"efficiency.":[159],"We":[160],"compare":[161],"performance":[163],"two":[166],"versions":[167],"IsabeLLM":[169],"their":[171],"ability":[172],"complete":[174],"Bitcoin's":[178],"Proof":[179],"Work":[181],"consensus.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-18T00:00:00"}