{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165056263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.17199","title":"PowerOPD: Stabilizing On-Policy Distillation with Bounded Power Transformation","display_name":"PowerOPD: Stabilizing On-Policy Distillation with Bounded Power Transformation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165056263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.17199"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.17199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.17199","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.17199","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138769728","display_name":"Anhao Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Anhao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138798460","display_name":"Junlong Tong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong, Junlong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138810984","display_name":"Yingqi Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan, Yingqi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138767212","display_name":"Ping Nie","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nie, Ping","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138792180","display_name":"Wenjie Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Wenjie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138823788","display_name":"Xiaoyu Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shen, Xiaoyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.23199999332427979,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.23199999332427979,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.15549999475479126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.13449999690055847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.6703000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounded-function","display_name":"Bounded function","score":0.6642000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parameterized-complexity","display_name":"Parameterized complexity","score":0.6510999798774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.5636000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.46320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distillation","display_name":"Distillation","score":0.4318999946117401}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.6703000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.6642000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165464430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570441","display_name":"Parameterized complexity","level":2,"score":0.6510999798774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.5636000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5263000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.46320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204030448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101017","display_name":"Distillation","level":2,"score":0.4318999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72319582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584304","display_name":"Degenerate energy levels","level":2,"score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.41850000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.41429999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64943373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2651003","display_name":"Alpha (finance)","level":4,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.17199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.17199","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.17199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.17199","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6897615194320679}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Standard":[0],"on-policy":[1],"distillation":[2],"(OPD)":[3],"for":[4],"large":[5],"language":[6],"models":[7],"estimates":[8],"the":[9,60,107,118,121],"reverse-KL":[10],"objective":[11],"using":[12],"student-sampled":[13],"tokens,":[14],"yielding":[15],"an":[16],"unbiased":[17],"single-sample":[18],"Monte":[19],"Carlo":[20],"estimator":[21,31],"that":[22,29],"avoids":[23],"vocabulary-wide":[24],"computation.":[25],"However,":[26],"we":[27,96],"show":[28],"this":[30,89,94],"suffers":[32],"from":[33,106],"severe":[34],"training":[35],"pathologies":[36,58],"in":[37],"practice:":[38],"sample":[39],"inefficiency,":[40],"unstable":[41],"generation":[42],"dynamics,":[43],"and":[44,76,132,153,164,178],"a":[45,99],"substantial":[46],"performance":[47],"gap":[48],"compared":[49],"to":[50,59,144],"exact":[51],"full-vocabulary":[52,156],"OPD.":[53,188],"Reward-level":[54],"diagnosis":[55],"traces":[56],"these":[57],"log-ratio":[61,119],"reward,":[62],"which":[63,117],"is":[64,120],"unbounded":[65],"by":[66,112,162,168],"construction,":[67],"producing":[68],"extremely":[69],"high-variance":[70],"gradients":[71],"concentrated":[72],"at":[73],"early":[74],"positions":[75],"persisting":[77],"throughout":[78],"training;":[79],"standard":[80],"post-hoc":[81,151],"scaling":[82],"fail":[83],"as":[84],"they":[85],"operate":[86],"only":[87],"after":[88],"distortion":[90],"occurs.":[91],"To":[92],"solve":[93],"problem,":[95],"propose":[97],"PowerOPD:":[98],"family":[100],"of":[101,116,142],"natively":[102],"bounded,":[103],"sign-consistent":[104],"rewards":[105],"Box-Cox":[108],"power":[109],"transformation,":[110],"parameterized":[111],"alpha":[113,123,171],">":[114],"0,":[115],"degenerate":[122],"->":[124],"0":[125],"limit.":[126],"Across":[127],"six":[128],"mathematical":[129],"reasoning":[130],"benchmarks":[131],"four":[133],"Qwen3":[134],"teacher-student":[135],"pairs,":[136],"PowerOPD":[137],"achieves":[138],"benchmark-averaged":[139],"Avg@8/Pass@8":[140],"gains":[141],"up":[143],"+6.37/+5.71":[145],"over":[146,150,155],"vanilla":[147,187],"OPD,":[148,157],"+3.01/+3.54":[149],"stabilization,":[152],"+2.59/+8.90":[154],"while":[158],"reducing":[159],"wall-clock":[160],"time":[161],"59.2%":[163],"peak":[165],"GPU":[166],"memory":[167],"23.1%.":[169],"Larger":[170],"generally":[172],"improves":[173],"accuracy,":[174],"consistently":[175],"shortens":[176],"responses,":[177],"keeps":[179],"gradient":[180],"norms":[181],"more":[182],"than":[183,186],"3,000x":[184],"smaller":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-18T00:00:00"}