{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164930430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.16659","title":"FraudSMSWalker: Benchmarking Agentic Large Language Models for SMS-to-Webpage Fraud Detection","display_name":"FraudSMSWalker: Benchmarking Agentic Large Language Models for SMS-to-Webpage Fraud Detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164930430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.16659"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.16659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.16659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.16659","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138736225","display_name":"Y. J. Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Y. H.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138724478","display_name":"Z. M. Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ma, Z. M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138736225","display_name":"Y. J. Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Y. J.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138735131","display_name":"Y. T. Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Y. T.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138745703","display_name":"H. X. Xiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang, H. X.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138698312","display_name":"Y. M. Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng, Y. M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050105433","display_name":"T X Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, T. L.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087437367","display_name":"K. J. Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, K. J.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138713154","display_name":"Z. H. Nan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan, Z. H.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138743161","display_name":"J. H. Ni","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ni, J. H.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138711672","display_name":"Z. Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Z.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125739922","display_name":"Q.Y. Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan, Q. Y.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138724697","display_name":"S. Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, S.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015709021","display_name":"S. Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng, S.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080499434","display_name":"M.-Y. Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luo, M. Y.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.004000000189989805,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.6773999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reputation","display_name":"Reputation","score":0.6554999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5113000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.4652999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-page","display_name":"Web page","score":0.45179998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.44830000400543213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.804099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.6773999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48798503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877546","display_name":"Reputation","level":2,"score":0.6554999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5113000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.4652999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21959979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36774","display_name":"Web page","level":2,"score":0.45179998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.41609999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90329073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914232","display_name":"Ask price","level":2,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171686336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3532085","display_name":"Topic model","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.16659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.16659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.16659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.16659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8330217599868774,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"SMS":[0,21,92],"fraud":[1,68,195],"is":[2],"increasingly":[3],"cross-channel:":[4],"a":[5,11,62,186],"message":[6],"directs":[7],"the":[8,14,20,25,91,130,178,217],"user":[9,30],"to":[10,50,164],"webpage,":[12],"and":[13,28,44,78,94,105,148,168,201,212],"final":[15],"risk":[16],"depends":[17],"on":[18,37,52],"how":[19],"claim":[22],"aligns":[23],"with":[24],"page":[26],"content":[27],"requested":[29],"action.":[31],"However,":[32],"existing":[33],"evaluations":[34],"either":[35],"focus":[36],"message-only":[38],"smishing":[39],"classification":[40],"or":[41,123],"expose":[42],"URL":[43],"domain":[45],"cues":[46],"that":[47,126,155,173,197],"allow":[48],"models":[49],"rely":[51],"reputation":[53,106,205],"shortcuts.":[54],"To":[55],"address":[56],"this":[57],"gap,":[58],"we":[59],"introduce":[60],"\\textbf{FraudSMSWalker},":[61],"controlled":[63],"benchmark":[64,111,187],"for":[65,188],"URL-masked":[66],"SMS-to-webpage":[67],"judgment.":[69],"FraudSMSWalker":[70,184],"contains":[71],"699":[72],"bilingual":[73],"chains,":[74],"including":[75],"332":[76],"fraudulent":[77],"367":[79],"benign":[80,115,166],"cases,":[81],"across":[82],"ten":[83],"service":[84,131],"scenarios.":[85],"The":[86,110,152,209],"model-visible":[87],"input":[88],"consists":[89],"of":[90],"context":[93,132],"sanitized":[95],"webpage":[96],"evidence,":[97],"while":[98],"raw":[99],"URLs,":[100],"hosts,":[101],"domains,":[102],"IPs,":[103],"redirects,":[104],"metadata":[107],"are":[108,127,174,207,214],"withheld.":[109],"further":[112],"includes":[113],"hard":[114],"cases":[116],"whose":[117],"pages":[118],"contain":[119],"login,":[120],"payment,":[121],"verification,":[122],"account-management":[124],"elements":[125],"plausible":[128],"under":[129,144],"but":[133,162],"also":[134],"appear":[135],"in":[136],"scam":[137],"flows.":[138],"We":[139],"evaluate":[140],"nine":[141],"web":[142,191],"agents":[143,157,192],"masked":[145],"browser-agent":[146],"protocols":[147],"conduct":[149],"URL-visibility":[150],"ablations.":[151],"results":[153],"show":[154],"current":[156],"can":[158,193],"detect":[159],"suspicious":[160],"cues,":[161],"struggle":[163],"preserve":[165],"recall":[167],"often":[169],"produce":[170],"positive":[171],"predictions":[172],"weakly":[175],"supported":[176],"by":[177],"observed":[179],"evidence.":[180],"These":[181],"findings":[182],"position":[183],"as":[185],"measuring":[189],"whether":[190],"make":[194],"judgments":[196],"remain":[198],"both":[199],"accurate":[200],"evidence-grounded":[202],"when":[203],"direct":[204],"shortcuts":[206],"suppressed.":[208],"associated":[210],"code":[211],"dataset":[213],"accessible":[215],"at":[216],"\\href{https://anonymous.4open.science/w/FraudMessageWalker-Bench}{anonymous":[218],"link}.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-17T00:00:00"}
