{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164894658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.16650","title":"Understanding Automated Web GUI Testing: An Empirical Study Across Exploration Strategies and State Abstractions","display_name":"Understanding Automated Web GUI Testing: An Empirical Study Across Exploration Strategies and State Abstractions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164894658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.16650"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.16650","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.16650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.16650","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138745645","display_name":"Chenxu Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Chenxu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138755690","display_name":"Wei Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138727334","display_name":"Ying Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Ying","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138706161","display_name":"Tao Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xie, Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9350000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9350000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.019200000911951065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.6031000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5343000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5266000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.5081999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4997999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.48809999227523804}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8385000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.6031000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5343000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5266000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.5081999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4997999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.48809999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.40459999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.37290000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167822520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176452","display_name":"Finite-state machine","level":2,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187303228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867330","display_name":"Cyclomatic complexity","level":3,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51929080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2425187","display_name":"Codebase","level":3,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.16650","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.16650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.16650","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.16650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7055913209915161,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"web":[1,11],"GUI":[2,14],"testing":[3,64],"(AWGT)":[4],"relies":[5],"on":[6],"exploration":[7,57,206],"strategies":[8,58,207],"that":[9,129,184],"exercise":[10],"applications":[12],"through":[13],"actions":[15],"to":[16,42,52],"maximize":[17],"code":[18,80,143,185],"coverage,":[19,144,146],"spanning":[20],"traditional":[21],"model-based,":[22,88],"reinforcement":[23],"learning":[24],"(RL)-based,":[25],"and":[26,59,82,90,100,118,147,208],"emerging":[27],"large":[28],"language":[29],"model":[30],"(LLM)-based":[31],"approaches.":[32,125],"State":[33,150],"abstraction,":[34],"which":[35,110],"detects":[36],"pages":[37],"with":[38,190],"the":[39,77,120,194],"same":[40],"functionality":[41],"avoid":[43],"repeated":[44],"testing,":[45],"has":[46],"long":[47],"been":[48],"recognized":[49],"as":[50,112],"critical":[51],"guiding":[53],"exploration.":[54],"However,":[55],"how":[56,94],"state":[60,96,116,145,211],"abstractions":[61,97,158,212],"jointly":[62],"affect":[63],"effectiveness":[65],"remains":[66],"underexplored.":[67],"We":[68,85,181],"present":[69],"an":[70],"empirical":[71],"study":[72],"analyzing":[73],"both":[74],"factors":[75],"from":[76],"perspectives":[78],"of":[79,115],"coverage":[81,186],"failure":[83,148],"revelation.":[84],"compare":[86,119],"representative":[87],"RL-based,":[89],"LLM-based":[91,104,173],"approaches;":[92,102],"investigate":[93],"six":[95],"influence":[98],"model-based":[99,160],"RL-based":[101,167],"examine":[103],"approaches":[105],"under":[106],"different":[107,124],"history":[108],"representations,":[109],"act":[111],"a":[113,153],"form":[114],"abstraction;":[117],"failures":[121],"exposed":[122],"by":[123],"Our":[126],"results":[127],"show":[128],"no":[130],"single":[131],"strategy":[132],"excels":[133],"across":[134],"all":[135],"dimensions;":[136],"instead,":[137],"categories":[138],"exhibit":[139],"complementary":[140],"strengths":[141],"in":[142],"discovery.":[149],"abstraction":[151],"is":[152,187],"key":[154],"factor:":[155],"strict,":[156],"fine-grained":[157],"favor":[159],"strategies,":[161,174],"while":[162],"compact":[163],"ones":[164],"better":[165],"support":[166],"strategies.":[168],"History":[169],"representation":[170],"substantially":[171],"affects":[172],"where":[175],"concise,":[176],"functionality-level":[177],"context":[178],"performs":[179],"best.":[180],"also":[182],"find":[183],"weakly":[188],"correlated":[189],"failure-revealing":[191],"ability,":[192],"underscoring":[193],"need":[195],"for":[196,204,213],"multi-dimensional":[197],"evaluation.":[198],"These":[199],"findings":[200],"offer":[201],"practical":[202],"guidance":[203],"selecting":[205],"designing":[209],"effective":[210],"AWGT.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-06-17T00:00:00"}