{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164887291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15932","title":"Beyond NL2Code: A Structured Survey of Multimodal Code Intelligence","display_name":"Beyond NL2Code: A Structured Survey of Multimodal Code Intelligence","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164887291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15932"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.15932","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15932","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104174550","display_name":"Xuanle Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Xuanle","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138717045","display_name":"Qiushi Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun, Qiushi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138718312","display_name":"Jingyu Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao, Jingyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138708506","display_name":"Xuexin Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Xuexin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137347094","display_name":"Haoyue Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Haoyue","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138705249","display_name":"Qiaosheng Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Qiaosheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090665711","display_name":"Xiaoman Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9987-1399"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luo, Xianzhen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006022044","display_name":"J W Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035189764","display_name":"Yufeng Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2253-1497"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong, Yufeng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138715357","display_name":"Lei Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138754685","display_name":"Shuai Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fu, Shuai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138694193","display_name":"Zhenlin Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei, Zhenlin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138729839","display_name":"Jinhe Bi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bi, Jinhe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138695707","display_name":"Lei Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang, Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138742948","display_name":"Haibo Qiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiu, Haibo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138694839","display_name":"Siqi Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Siqi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138701214","display_name":"Peng Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi, Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138720293","display_name":"Jian Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Jian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101581937","display_name":"Zhixiong Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3822-1074"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeng, Zhixiong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.6660000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.6660000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.08910000324249268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.06530000269412994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.760699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.583899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebase","display_name":"Codebase","score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-execution","display_name":"Symbolic execution","score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.3158000111579895}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.760699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.583899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5133000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4864000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4043999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51929080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2425187","display_name":"Codebase","level":3,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779639559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661178","display_name":"Symbolic execution","level":3,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778514511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374194","display_name":"Programmer","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128644962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q683111","display_name":"Visual programming language","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.15932","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.15932","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"Large":[1],"Language":[2],"Models":[3],"(LLMs)":[4],"have":[5],"substantially":[6],"advanced":[7],"text-to-code":[8],"synthesis,":[9],"many":[10],"real":[11],"programming":[12],"tasks":[13,30,162],"specify":[14],"intent":[15],"through":[16],"visual":[17,35,216],"artifacts":[18],"such":[19],"as":[20,100],"screenshots,":[21],"charts,":[22],"vector":[23],"drawings,":[24],"videos,":[25],"and":[26,55,82,126,138,141,152,155,204,235],"interactive":[27],"states.":[28],"These":[29],"require":[31],"models":[32],"to":[33,37,149,158],"connect":[34],"perception":[36],"executable":[38,117,230],"programs,":[39],"because":[40],"correctness":[41],"depends":[42],"not":[43],"only":[44],"on":[45,49,239],"syntax":[46],"but":[47],"also":[48],"layout,":[50],"data":[51],"semantics,":[52],"interaction":[53],"behavior,":[54],"domain-specific":[56],"constraints":[57],"that":[58,70,92,171],"apply":[59],"after":[60],"execution.":[61],"This":[62,143],"survey":[63],"examines":[64],"Multimodal":[65],"Code":[66],"Intelligence,":[67],"covering":[68],"systems":[69],"generate,":[71],"edit,":[72],"refine,":[73],"or":[74,115,119],"reason":[75],"with":[76],"code":[77,93,99],"under":[78],"visually":[79],"grounded":[80,214],"inputs":[81],"outputs.":[83],"We":[84,122],"first":[85],"formulate":[86],"the":[87,90],"field":[88,224],"by":[89],"role":[91],"plays":[94],"in":[95,215],"each":[96],"task,":[97],"distinguishing":[98],"a":[101,108],"rendered":[102],"artifact,":[103],"an":[104,111,116],"editable":[105],"symbolic":[106],"structure,":[107],"scientific":[109],"representation,":[110],"intermediate":[112],"reasoning":[113],"trace,":[114],"policy":[118],"tool":[120],"interface.":[121],"then":[123],"organize":[124],"benchmarks":[125],"methods":[127],"into":[128],"four":[129,177],"domains:":[130],"Graphical":[131],"User":[132],"Interface,":[133],"Scientific":[134],"Visualization,":[135],"Structured":[136],"Graphics,":[137],"Frontier":[139],"Tasks":[140],"Frameworks.":[142],"taxonomy":[144],"connects":[145],"mature":[146],"artifact-generation":[147],"problems":[148],"emerging":[150],"agentic":[151],"unified":[153],"settings":[154],"allows":[156],"us":[157],"compare":[159],"how":[160],"different":[161],"treat":[163],"evidence":[164,185],"of":[165,186],"correctness.":[166],"Looking":[167],"ahead,":[168],"we":[169],"argue":[170],"future":[172],"research":[173],"may":[174,221],"benefit":[175],"from":[176,225],"verification-centered":[178],"directions.":[179],"Multi-signal":[180],"validation":[181],"can":[182,190,199,208],"combine":[183],"complementary":[184],"correctness,":[187],"multi-state":[188],"verification":[189],"test":[191],"behavior":[192],"across":[193],"execution":[194],"trajectories,":[195],"cross-task":[196],"transfer":[197],"testing":[198],"probe":[200],"reusable":[201],"visual-code":[202],"skills,":[203],"verifiable":[205],"agent":[206,211],"traces":[207],"reveal":[209],"whether":[210],"actions":[212],"are":[213,237],"evidence.":[217],"Together,":[218],"these":[219],"directions":[220],"move":[222],"this":[223],"single-output":[226],"imitation":[227],"toward":[228],"evidence-grounded":[229],"systems.":[231],"An":[232],"ongoing":[233],"project":[234],"resources":[236],"available":[238],"\\href{https://github.com/xjywhu/Awesome-Multimodal-LLM-for-Code}{GitHub}.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-17T00:00:00"}
