{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164930345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15893","title":"BALTO: Balanced Token-Level Policy Optimization for Hallucination Mitigation","display_name":"BALTO: Balanced Token-Level Policy Optimization for Hallucination Mitigation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164930345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15893"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.15893","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15893","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138707709","display_name":"Ning Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Ning","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138699431","display_name":"Zixuan Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo, Zixuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138739025","display_name":"Yan Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138733803","display_name":"Wenbo Fei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei, Wenbo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138712112","display_name":"Yifan Niu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niu, Yifan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138735698","display_name":"Chang Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luo, Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138737483","display_name":"Yasheng Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Yasheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138704465","display_name":"Weiwen Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Weiwen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138697640","display_name":"Yong Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Yong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138725029","display_name":"Weinan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Weinan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.5325000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.5325000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.055399999022483826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.028300000354647636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.5906000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granularity","display_name":"Granularity","score":0.41449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.39469999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.33880001306533813}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.5906000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5246999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.41449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40619999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.39469999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2572999894618988}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.15893","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.15893","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4223388731479645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hallucinations":[0],"remain":[1],"a":[2,28,40,80,144,187],"major":[3],"obstacle":[4],"to":[5,49,104],"deploying":[6],"large":[7],"language":[8],"models":[9],"(LLMs)":[10],"in":[11,21,151,184],"knowledge-intensive":[12],"settings,":[13],"where":[14],"generated":[15],"responses":[16],"must":[17],"be":[18],"faithfully":[19],"grounded":[20],"provided":[22],"evidence.":[23],"Reinforcement":[24],"learning":[25],"(RL)":[26],"is":[27,113],"promising":[29],"direction":[30],"for":[31,86,157],"hallucination":[32,87,158],"mitigation,":[33],"but":[34],"response-level":[35,141],"faithfulness":[36,172],"rewards":[37,142],"suffer":[38],"from":[39,123,143],"granularity":[41],"mismatch:":[42],"localized":[43],"hallucinations":[44],"can":[45,69],"cause":[46],"supported":[47],"content":[48,125],"receive":[50],"spurious":[51],"penalties.":[52],"Although":[53],"recent":[54],"work":[55],"introduces":[56],"fine-grained":[57],"feedback":[58],"such":[59],"as":[60],"claim-level":[61,102],"verification":[62],"and":[63,100,147,154,164,178],"token-level":[64,105,109],"rewards,":[65],"unbalanced":[66],"credit":[67,110],"assignment":[68,111],"still":[70],"induce":[71],"length,":[72],"verbosity,":[73],"or":[74],"optimization-noise":[75],"biases.":[76],"We":[77,135],"propose":[78],"BALTO,":[79],"Balanced":[81],"Token-level":[82],"Policy":[83],"Optimization":[84],"framework":[85],"mitigation.":[88,159],"BALTO":[89,168],"extracts":[90],"checkable":[91],"factual":[92],"claims,":[93],"verifies":[94],"them":[95],"against":[96],"the":[97,116,132,138,170],"reference":[98],"context,":[99],"projects":[101],"judgments":[103],"labels.":[106],"A":[107],"balanced":[108],"mechanism":[112],"introduced":[114],"into":[115],"framework.":[117],"This":[118],"design":[119],"redistributes":[120],"probability":[121],"mass":[122],"unsupported":[124],"toward":[126],"faithful":[127],"content,":[128],"rather":[129],"than":[130],"suppressing":[131],"entire":[133],"response.":[134],"systematically":[136],"analyze":[137],"limitations":[139],"of":[140],"theoretical":[145],"standpoint,":[146],"prove":[148],"BALTO's":[149],"advantages":[150],"training":[152],"stability":[153],"optimization":[155],"efficiency":[156],"Experiments":[160],"on":[161],"ConFiQA,":[162],"RAGTruth,":[163],"FinLLM-Eval":[165],"show":[166],"that":[167],"achieves":[169],"highest":[171],"across":[173],"all":[174],"six":[175],"model--benchmark":[176],"settings":[177],"consistently":[179],"outperforms":[180],"existing":[181],"post-training":[182],"baselines":[183],"Q-Score,":[185],"demonstrating":[186],"stronger":[188],"faithfulness--informativeness":[189],"trade-off.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-17T00:00:00"}
