{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164923065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15069","title":"CoCoGEC: Counterfactual Generation for Robust Grammatical Error Correction","display_name":"CoCoGEC: Counterfactual Generation for Robust Grammatical Error Correction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164923065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15069"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.15069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15069","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138717934","display_name":"Qianyu Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Qianyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138704508","display_name":"Xiaoman Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Xiaoman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107311577","display_name":"Y Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang, Yuanyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138732713","display_name":"Xinyuan Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Xinyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090588589","display_name":"Yunshi Lan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0192-8498"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lan, Yunshi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.8373000025749207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.8373000025749207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.08129999786615372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.018799999728798866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-conditional","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","score":0.9577999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.8432000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6305000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.5568000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5184999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.5099999904632568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71889745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783264","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","level":3,"score":0.9577999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.8432000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6470999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6305000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.5568000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5184999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4936000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.46939998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.36160001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.35830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.35429999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.3504999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28439998626708984}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.15069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.15069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5175808668136597,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Grammatical":[0],"error":[1,40,103],"correction":[2],"(GEC)":[3],"systems":[4],"are":[5],"usually":[6,35],"trained":[7],"and":[8,97,117,132,169,176],"evaluated":[9],"on":[10,172],"GEC":[11,33,55,134,150],"benchmarks,":[12],"but":[13],"their":[14],"performance":[15],"often":[16],"drops":[17],"sharply":[18],"once":[19],"the":[20,31,39,43,52,58,62,67,102,110,115,122,127,147,173],"surrounding":[21],"context":[22],"is":[23,181],"slightly":[24],"perturbed":[25,174],"or":[26],"extended.":[27],"This":[28],"indicates":[29],"that":[30,78,100,142],"existing":[32],"models":[34],"fail":[36],"to":[37,61,66],"understand":[38],"patterns":[41,104],"in":[42],"varying":[44],"contexts.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47],"paper,":[48],"we":[49],"thoroughly":[50],"investigate":[51],"counterfactuals":[53,92,99,124],"for":[54],"tasks,":[56],"where":[57],"subtle":[59],"changes":[60],"contexts":[63,86],"could":[64,161],"lead":[65],"label":[68],"flipping":[69],"issue.":[70],"We":[71],"propose":[72],"CoCoGEC,":[73],"a":[74,153],"counterfactual":[75],"generation":[76],"framework":[77,89],"creates":[79],"copies":[80],"of":[81,109,149,155,166],"training":[82],"instances":[83,112,128],"with":[84,129],"error-irrelevant":[85],"altered.":[87],"Our":[88],"systematically":[90],"generates":[91],"by":[93,113,125],"(1)":[94],"generating":[95],"intra-":[96],"inter-sentence":[98],"maintain":[101],"as":[105,107],"well":[106],"syntax":[108],"original":[111],"altering":[114],"word-level":[116],"sentence-level":[118],"contexts;":[119],"(2)":[120],"revising":[121],"generated":[123],"selecting":[126],"flipped":[130],"labels":[131],"high":[133],"Mutual":[135],"Information":[136],"(MI)":[137],"coefficient.":[138],"Extensive":[139],"experiments":[140],"show":[141],"our":[143],"method":[144],"substantially":[145],"improves":[146],"stability":[148],"models,":[151],"outperforming":[152],"set":[154],"data":[156,178],"augmentation":[157],"baselines.":[158],"Particularly,":[159],"it":[160],"achieve":[162],"absolute":[163],"F0.5":[164],"gains":[165],"+9.9,":[167],"+11.3,":[168],"+20.8":[170],"points":[171],"BEA-19*,CoNLL-14*,":[175],"TEM-8*":[177],"set.Our":[179],"code":[180],"released":[182],"at":[183],"https://github.com/Quinnok/CoCoGEC":[184]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-17T00:00:00"}
