{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164878659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.14832","title":"PhoneHarness: Harnessing Phone-Use Agents through Mixed GUI, CLI, and Tool Actions","display_name":"PhoneHarness: Harnessing Phone-Use Agents through Mixed GUI, CLI, and Tool Actions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164878659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.14832"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.14832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.14832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.14832","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138709640","display_name":"Chenxin Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Chenxin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135855034","display_name":"Zhengyao Fang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang, Zhengyao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138758095","display_name":"Zhengyang Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tang, Zhengyang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027156714","display_name":"Pengyuan Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3153-8519"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lyu, Pengyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015989518","display_name":"Xingran Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Xingran","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138727531","display_name":"Xin Lai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lai, Xin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138749037","display_name":"Fei Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tang, Fei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138691363","display_name":"Liang Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101893660","display_name":"Yi Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1890-6726"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo, Yiduo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138726139","display_name":"Weinong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Weinong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138721765","display_name":"Junyi Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Junyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138726697","display_name":"Yi Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138720702","display_name":"Yang Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding, Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135879091","display_name":"Huawen Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shen, Huawen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113151725","display_name":"Sunqi Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan, Sunqi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135282530","display_name":"Shangpin Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng, Shangpin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090400528","display_name":"Zheng Ruan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruan, Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030897296","display_name":"A M Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Anran","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138753156","display_name":"Benyou Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Benyou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132762025","display_name":"Chengquan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Chengquan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138751581","display_name":"Han Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Han","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.21770000457763672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.21770000457763672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12607","display_name":"Personal Information Management and User Behavior","score":0.20100000500679016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.13279999792575836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.7071999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6502000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phone","display_name":"Phone","score":0.5306000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.4878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.45879998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delegation","display_name":"Delegation","score":0.3785000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.7071999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6502000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.5306000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.4878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.45879998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4503999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86532276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184065","display_name":"Delegation","level":2,"score":0.3785000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37789001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543","display_name":"Graphical user interface","level":2,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74072328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142726","display_name":"Intelligent agent","level":2,"score":0.3361000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777421447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517","display_name":"Mobile phone","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13687954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826847","display_name":"Autonomous agent","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.14832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.14832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.14832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.14832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47381702065467834,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Phone":[0],"agents":[1,27,87,123,181],"are":[2,41,50],"increasingly":[3],"expected":[4],"to":[5,56],"complete":[6,124],"real":[7],"mobile":[8,90],"workflows":[9,174],"rather":[10],"than":[11],"merely":[12],"predict":[13],"the":[14,21,69,139,150,169,177],"next":[15],"screen":[16],"action.":[17],"However,":[18],"much":[19],"of":[20],"current":[22],"mobile-agent":[23],"literature":[24],"still":[25],"evaluates":[26,121],"primarily":[28],"as":[29],"GUI":[30,111,206],"controllers":[31],"that":[32,68,184,192],"observe":[33],"a":[34,78,94,145],"screen,":[35],"emit":[36],"taps":[37],"and":[38,40,81,101,113,159,187,200],"swipes,":[39],"scored":[42],"by":[43,154],"target":[44],"app":[45,58],"state.":[46],"Real":[47],"phone-use":[48,86],"tasks":[49,125],"broader:":[51],"they":[52,133],"require":[53],"deciding":[54],"when":[55],"use":[57,183],"GUIs,":[59],"device-side":[60,95],"commands,":[61],"or":[62],"structured":[63],"tools,":[64],"while":[65,176],"leaving":[66],"evidence":[67],"intended":[70],"side":[71,128],"effect":[72],"actually":[73],"occurred.":[74],"We":[75],"introduce":[76],"PhoneHarness,":[77],"mixed-action":[79],"benchmark":[80,178],"execution":[82,115],"harness":[83,170,185],"for":[84],"studying":[85],"on":[88,197],"verifiable":[89,201],"workflows.":[91],"PhoneHarness":[92,119,143,158,160],"runs":[93],"agent":[96],"loop":[97],"over":[98],"GUI,":[99],"CLI,":[100],"host-side":[102],"tool":[103],"actions,":[104],"combining":[105],"deterministic":[106],"action":[107],"routing":[108,199],"with":[109,126],"bounded":[110],"delegation":[112],"auditable":[114],"traces.":[116],"Its":[117],"benchmark,":[118],"Bench,":[120],"whether":[122,132,180],"observable":[127],"effects,":[129],"not":[130,203],"only":[131,204],"produce":[134],"plausible":[135],"final":[136],"answers.":[137],"On":[138],"annotated":[140],"evaluation":[141],"split,":[142],"reaches":[144],"75.0%":[146],"pass":[147],"rate,":[148],"outperforming":[149],"strongest":[151],"non-PhoneHarness":[152],"settings":[153],"12.9":[155],"percentage":[156],"points.":[157],"Bench":[161],"therefore":[162],"play":[163],"distinct":[164],"but":[165],"mutually":[166],"dependent":[167],"roles:":[168],"makes":[171],"mixed":[172],"phone":[173,194],"executable,":[175],"measures":[179],"can":[182],"reliably":[186],"safely.":[188],"Our":[189],"findings":[190],"suggest":[191],"reliable":[193],"automation":[195],"depends":[196],"action-surface":[198],"execution,":[202],"visual":[205],"control.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-17T00:00:00"}
