{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164841011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.13688","title":"Picturing Perceptions: An Open-Source Toolkit to Uncover Bias in Humans and Machines","display_name":"Picturing Perceptions: An Open-Source Toolkit to Uncover Bias in Humans and Machines","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164841011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.13688"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.13688","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.13688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.13688","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138644469","display_name":"Saurabh Khanna","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khanna, Saurabh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100739496","display_name":"Zhijun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7203-5788"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Zhijun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138664531","display_name":"Chei Billedo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Billedo, Chei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101828741","display_name":"Jiayi Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7155-3567"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan, Jiayi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138648044","display_name":"Irene van Driel","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"van Driel, Irene","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081984594","display_name":"Alex Barco Martelo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martelo, Alex Barco","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138672923","display_name":"Hugo Moreda Cartagena","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cartagena, Hugo Moreda","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138666345","display_name":"Haizea Gonzalez Atorrasagasti","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atorrasagasti, Haizea Gonzalez","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109375656","display_name":"Michael Perez","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Perez, Markel Adanez","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138678052","display_name":"Daniela An","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"An, Daniela","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138663667","display_name":"Qianyi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Qianyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103668258","display_name":"Gao X","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Xinkangrui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138659834","display_name":"Lauren Taylor","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taylor, Lauren","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053672957","display_name":"Olga Eisele","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6604-3498"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eisele, Olga","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135753029","display_name":"Sindy Sumter","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumter, Sindy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.8859000205993652,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.8859000205993652,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.016699999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.012600000016391277,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.47269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earnings","display_name":"Earnings","score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mainstream","display_name":"Mainstream","score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.40139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-group-favoritism","display_name":"In-group favoritism","score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debiasing","display_name":"Debiasing","score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ingroups-and-outgroups","display_name":"Ingroups and outgroups","score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white","display_name":"White (mutation)","score":0.33329999446868896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5898000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.47269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940","display_name":"Earnings","level":2,"score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.40139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87612349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6008637","display_name":"In-group favoritism","level":4,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779458634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24963715","display_name":"Debiasing","level":2,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107344746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375181","display_name":"Ingroups and outgroups","level":2,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189216375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127759","display_name":"Cognitive bias","level":3,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75917345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725298","display_name":"Sampling bias","level":3,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983427547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93200","display_name":"Gender bias","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37773902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970594","display_name":"Cultural bias","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1792644","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.13688","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.13688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.13688","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.13688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.45324933528900146}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bias":[0],"in":[1,40,64],"human":[2,195],"judgment":[3],"and":[4,17,43,75,108,143,196],"artificial":[5],"intelligence":[6],"systems":[7,198],"poses":[8],"critical":[9],"challenges":[10],"across":[11,194],"consequential":[12],"domains":[13],"like":[14],"hiring,":[15],"loans,":[16],"criminal":[18],"justice.":[19],"However,":[20],"traditional":[21],"bias":[22,58,192],"measurement":[23],"tools":[24],"face":[25],"fundamental":[26],"limitations:":[27],"they":[28],"struggle":[29],"to":[30,46,81],"capture":[31],"intersectional":[32],"identities,":[33],"cannot":[34],"evaluate":[35],"AI":[36,197],"systems,":[37],"lack":[38],"grounding":[39],"demographic":[41,206],"reality,":[42],"remain":[44],"vulnerable":[45],"social":[47],"desirability":[48],"effects.":[49],"We":[50,96],"introduce":[51],"PictoPercept,":[52],"an":[53],"open-source":[54],"toolkit":[55],"that":[56,188,203],"measures":[57],"through":[59],"visual":[60],"forced-choice":[61],"comparisons":[62],"grounded":[63],"population":[65],"level":[66],"benchmarks.":[67],"Participants":[68],"view":[69],"pairs":[70],"of":[71,92,104,181],"normed":[72],"facial":[73],"photographs":[74],"assess":[76,109],"who":[77],"is":[78,150],"more":[79],"likely":[80],"have":[82],"higher":[83],"earnings,":[84,138],"with":[85,99,177],"selections":[86],"compared":[87],"against":[88],"actual":[89,137],"U.S.":[90],"Bureau":[91],"Labor":[93],"Statistics":[94],"data.":[95],"validate":[97],"PictoPercept":[98,189],"a":[100,111],"nationally":[101],"representative":[102],"sample":[103],"283":[105],"American":[106,129],"adults":[107],"GPT-5,":[110],"mainstream":[112],"generative":[113],"model,":[114],"using":[115],"identical":[116],"stimuli.":[117],"Our":[118],"study":[119],"reveals":[120],"three":[121],"key":[122],"findings:":[123],"First,":[124],"participants":[125,162],"dramatically":[126],"underestimate":[127,164],"Asian":[128,161],"earnings":[130],"despite":[131],"this":[132],"group":[133],"having":[134],"the":[135],"highest":[136],"while":[139,199],"overestimating":[140],"Latino":[141],"male":[142,145],"White":[144,154],"earnings.":[146,168],"Second,":[147],"ingroup":[148,158],"favoritism":[149],"not":[151],"universal":[152],"as":[153],"males":[155],"show":[156],"clear":[157],"bias,":[159],"but":[160],"actually":[163],"their":[165],"own":[166],"group's":[167],"Third,":[169],"GPT-5":[170],"exhibits":[171],"substantially":[172],"stronger":[173],"biases":[174],"than":[175],"humans,":[176],"stark":[178],"systematic":[179,201],"underestimation":[180],"all":[182],"female":[183],"groups.":[184],"These":[185],"findings":[186],"suggest":[187],"enables":[190],"unified":[191],"assessment":[193],"revealing":[200],"misperceptions":[202],"diverge":[204],"from":[205],"reality.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-16T00:00:00"}
