{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164556432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.12595","title":"Emerging Flexible Designs for Geospatial Multimodal Foundation Models","display_name":"Emerging Flexible Designs for Geospatial Multimodal Foundation Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164556432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.12595"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.12595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.12595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.12595","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126324358","display_name":"Philipe Dias","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dias, Philipe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135671460","display_name":"Waqwoya Abebe","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abebe, Waqwoya","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135668995","display_name":"Abhishek Potnis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8168-857X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Potnis, Abhishek","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006493183","display_name":"Aristeidis Tsaris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7734-3349"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsaris, Aristeidis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103548012","display_name":"D H Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu, Dan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138516966","display_name":"Xiao Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135155941","display_name":"Dalton Lunga","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lunga, Dalton","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.28380000591278076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.28380000591278076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.16279999911785126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.05640000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.8865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5825999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5825999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5045999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.47209998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.45680001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.41589999198913574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.8865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6672000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5825999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5825999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5045999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.47209998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.45680001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4422999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4156000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3862000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.3781999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.3635999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776240099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327018","display_name":"Interrogation","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780910867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952416","display_name":"Multimodality","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2581999897956848}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.12595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.12595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.12595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.12595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Foundation":[0],"models":[1,84,135],"are":[2],"rapidly":[3],"transforming":[4],"Earth":[5],"observation":[6],"by":[7],"enabling":[8],"scalable":[9],"pretraining":[10,71],"across":[11,64,92],"diverse":[12],"unlabeled":[13],"geospatial":[14,55,133],"modalities.":[15],"However,":[16],"their":[17],"architectural":[18,117],"diversity":[19],"ranging":[20],"from":[21],"encoder-only":[22],"to":[23,32],"encoder-decoder":[24],"and":[25,78,81,94,111,119],"masked":[26],"autoencoding":[27],"paradigms":[28],"makes":[29],"it":[30],"challenging":[31],"assess":[33],"performance":[34],"trade":[35],"offs":[36],"in":[37],"a":[38,59],"consistent":[39,86],"manner.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42,124],"work,":[43],"we":[44],"present":[45],"an":[46],"apples-to-apples":[47],"comparison":[48],"of":[49,137],"leading":[50],"FM":[51],"architectures":[52],"designed":[53],"for":[54,129],"multimodal":[56,139],"reasoning,":[57],"with":[58],"particular":[60],"focus":[61],"on":[62,88],"flexibility":[63],"varied":[65],"spectral":[66],"band":[67],"configurations.":[68],"We":[69],"standardize":[70],"using":[72],"identical":[73],"self":[74],"supervised":[75],"learning":[76],"objectives":[77],"training":[79],"datasets,":[80],"evaluate":[82],"all":[83],"under":[85,121],"parameterization":[87],"the":[89,103],"GEOBench":[90],"benchmark":[91],"classification":[93],"segmentation":[95],"tasks.":[96],"Our":[97],"results":[98],"offer":[99],"new":[100],"insights":[101],"into":[102],"design":[104],"trade-offs":[105],"between":[106],"model":[107],"flexibility,":[108],"modality":[109],"alignment,":[110],"downstream":[112],"task":[113],"performance.":[114],"By":[115],"highlighting":[116],"strengths":[118],"limitations":[120],"controlled":[122],"conditions,":[123],"study":[125],"provides":[126],"practical":[127],"guidance":[128],"building":[130],"next":[131],"generation":[132],"foundation":[134],"capable":[136],"robust":[138],"reasoning.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-13T00:00:00"}
