{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164379668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.11736","title":"MHOT: Height-Optimized Authenticated Data Structure for Blockchain State Commitment","display_name":"MHOT: Height-Optimized Authenticated Data Structure for Blockchain State Commitment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164379668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.11736"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.11736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.11736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.11736","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011688344","display_name":"Sipeng Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6199-5673"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xie, Sipeng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138482818","display_name":"Qianhong Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Qianhong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019238856","display_name":"Mingxi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4068-8378"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Minghang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138397255","display_name":"Qiyuan Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Qiyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138408552","display_name":"Bo Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin, Bo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138452565","display_name":"Qin Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.43380001187324524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.43380001187324524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.32600000500679016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.07500000298023224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merkle-tree","display_name":"Merkle tree","score":0.6647999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6040999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.5964999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5548999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5026999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.44290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-oracle","display_name":"Random oracle","score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.39750000834465027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7060999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14746","display_name":"Merkle tree","level":4,"score":0.6647999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6040999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.5964999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5548999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5026999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.44290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94284585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228184","display_name":"Random oracle","level":4,"score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.39750000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.3774000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.36469998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207468940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869370","display_name":"Brute-force attack","level":3,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41431624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053357","display_name":"Block size","level":3,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176329583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191943","display_name":"Zero-knowledge proof","level":3,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190290938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387015","display_name":"Trie","level":3,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106544461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543151","display_name":"Block cipher","level":3,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163797641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067937","display_name":"Tree structure","level":3,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693083","display_name":"Soundness","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776711565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445058","display_name":"Security parameter","level":3,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131672422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852594","display_name":"Provable security","level":3,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.11736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.11736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.11736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.11736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5419344902038574},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4722711145877838}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"State":[0],"root":[1],"computation":[2],"dominates":[3],"(78%)":[4],"blockchain":[5,89,221],"block":[6],"processing":[7],"time.":[8],"Ethereum's":[9],"canonical":[10],"authenticated":[11,85],"data":[12,86],"structure,":[13],"i.e.,":[14],"Merkle":[15,143],"Patricia":[16],"Trie":[17],"(MPT),":[18],"suffers":[19],"from":[20,134,150],"severe":[21],"tree-height":[22],"growth":[23],"and":[24,39,107,126,171,219],"is":[25,213],"vulnerable":[26],"to":[27,52,152,162],"\\textit{Nurgle":[28],"attacks}":[29],"(SP'24),":[30],"where":[31],"adversaries":[32],"inflate":[33],"path":[34],"depth":[35],"via":[36],"hash":[37],"collisions":[38],"degrade":[40],"system":[41],"performance":[42],"at":[43,71],"negligible":[44],"cost.":[45],"Existing":[46],"defenses":[47],"increase":[48],"node":[49],"fanout":[50,108,124,133],"(span)":[51],"bound":[53],"tree":[54],"height,":[55],"but":[56],"higher":[57,164],"span":[58,106,121],"inflates":[59],"proof":[60,148],"size":[61],"exponentially.":[62],"Prior":[63],"work":[64],"mitigates":[65],"this":[66],"trade-off":[67],"using":[68],"vector":[69],"commitments,":[70],"the":[72,182,214],"cost":[73],"of":[74],"trusted":[75,98],"setup":[76],"or":[77],"expensive":[78],"verification.":[79],"We":[80],"present":[81],"\\textsc{Mhot},":[82],"a":[83,141,192],"height-optimal":[84],"structure":[87],"for":[88,199,217],"state":[90,222],"commitment":[91],"that":[92,115,145,206],"preserves":[93],"standard":[94],"hash-based":[95],"verification":[96],"without":[97],"setup.":[99],"Unlike":[100],"MPT's":[101],"fixed-prefix":[102],"indexing,":[103],"which":[104],"couples":[105],"exponentially,":[109],"\\textsc{Mhot}":[110,159,190],"indexes":[111],"by":[112],"discriminative":[113],"bits":[114],"actually":[116],"distinguish":[117],"keys,":[118],"achieving":[119],"adaptive":[120],"with":[122],"linear":[123],"coupling":[125],"provably":[127],"minimal":[128],"height.":[129],"To":[130],"prevent":[131],"high":[132],"inflating":[135],"proofs,":[136,140],"we":[137],"introduce":[138],"hierarchical":[139],"two-layer":[142],"construction":[144],"reduces":[146],"per-node":[147],"overhead":[149],"O(k)":[151],"O(log":[153],"k).":[154],"On":[155],"Ethereum":[156],"mainnet":[157],"workloads,":[158],"achieves":[160],"up":[161],"9X":[163],"write":[165,169],"throughput,":[166],"4X":[167],"lower":[168],"amplification,":[170],"2X":[172],"smaller":[173],"proofs":[174],"than":[175],"MPT.":[176],"Under":[177],"Nurgle":[178],"attacks,":[179],"even":[180],"when":[181],"adversary":[183],"consumes":[184],"an":[185],"entire":[186],"block's":[187],"gas":[188],"budget,":[189],"maintains":[191],"0%":[193],"attack":[194],"success":[195],"rate":[196],"(v.s.,":[197],"99.97%":[198],"MPT).":[200],"Our":[201],"results,":[202],"somewhat":[203],"surprisingly,":[204],"show":[205],"height":[207],"optimality":[208],"(not":[209],"new":[210],"crypto":[211],"primitives!)":[212],"key":[215],"abstraction":[216],"scalable":[218],"attack-resilient":[220],"commitment.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-12T00:00:00"}
