{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164350019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.11268","title":"LakeFM: Toward a Foundation Model for Aquatic Ecosystems Using Irregular Multivariate Multi-depth Time Series Data","display_name":"LakeFM: Toward a Foundation Model for Aquatic Ecosystems Using Irregular Multivariate Multi-depth Time Series Data","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164350019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.11268"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.11268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.11268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.11268","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073974391","display_name":"Abhilash Neog","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neog, Abhilash","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136729538","display_name":"Sepideh Fatemi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatemi, Sepideh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138440006","display_name":"Medha Sawhney","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sawhney, Medha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138474698","display_name":"Kazi Sajeed Mehrab","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehrab, Kazi Sajeed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138441456","display_name":"Aanish Pradhan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pradhan, Aanish","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116162633","display_name":"Bennett McAfee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5852-8826"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"McAfee, Bennett J.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136758954","display_name":"Emma Marchisin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marchisin, Emma","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076598286","display_name":"Arka Daw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3319-1271"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daw, Arka","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014901624","display_name":"Robert Ladwig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8443-1999"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ladwig, Robert","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138446338","display_name":"Cayelan C. Carey","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carey, Cayelan C.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138456686","display_name":"Paul Hanson","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanson, Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081622450","display_name":"Anuj Karpatne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1647-3534"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karpatne, Anuj","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10236","display_name":"Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics","score":0.3587000072002411,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10236","display_name":"Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics","score":0.3587000072002411,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11490","display_name":"Hydrological Forecasting Using AI","score":0.17399999499320984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10302","display_name":"Fish Ecology and Management Studies","score":0.07769999653100967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.6492000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem","display_name":"Ecosystem","score":0.5566999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5275999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquatic-ecosystem","display_name":"Aquatic ecosystem","score":0.5184999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-statistics","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.4846999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-quality","display_name":"Water quality","score":0.42730000615119934}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.6492000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.5566999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5275999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175327387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3289906","display_name":"Aquatic ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.5184999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49149999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.4846999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.42730000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.39410001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42088612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3229532","display_name":"Lake ecosystem","level":3,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.36160001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46685645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2890135","display_name":"Freshwater ecosystem","level":3,"score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777489503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698936","display_name":"Temporal scales","level":2,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.2694999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42090638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4048907","display_name":"STREAMS","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133199616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25386885","display_name":"Empirical modelling","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2646999955177307}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.11268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.11268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.11268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.11268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.6788380742073059}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"and":[1,11,16,37,39,49,73,91,103],"forecasting":[2],"lake":[3,114],"dynamics":[4],"is":[5],"critical":[6],"for":[7,62],"monitoring":[8],"water":[9],"quality":[10],"ecosystem":[12],"health":[13],"across":[14,43],"lakes":[15,44],"reservoirs.":[17],"While":[18],"machine":[19],"learning":[20],"methods":[21],"have":[22],"been":[23],"recently":[24],"applied":[25],"to":[26,41,99],"ecological":[27,68],"time-series":[28,101],"data,":[29],"existing":[30,100],"works":[31],"assume":[32],"regular":[33],"sampling":[34],"in":[35],"time":[36],"depth,":[38],"struggle":[40],"generalize":[42],"with":[45,112],"heterogeneous":[46],"variables,":[47],"depths,":[48],"observation":[50],"patterns.":[51],"To":[52],"address":[53],"these":[54],"limitations,":[55],"we":[56,80],"introduce":[57],"\\textsc{LakeFM},":[58],"a":[59],"foundation":[60,102],"model":[61],"aquatic":[63],"systems,":[64],"pre-trained":[65],"on":[66],"large-scale":[67],"datasets":[69],"comprising":[70],"both":[71],"simulated":[72],"observed":[74],"lakes.":[75],"Through":[76],"extensive":[77],"empirical":[78],"evaluation,":[79],"show":[81],"that":[82],"\\textsc{LakeFM}":[83],"learns":[84],"meaningful":[85],"representations":[86],"spanning":[87],"broader":[88],"lake-level":[89],"characteristics,":[90],"achieves":[92],"competitive":[93],"or":[94],"often":[95],"superior-forecasting":[96],"performance":[97],"compared":[98],"non-foundation":[104],"models,":[105],"while":[106],"producing":[107],"physically":[108],"plausible":[109],"predictions":[110],"consistent":[111],"real-world":[113],"dynamics.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-12T00:00:00"}