{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163991251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.09138","title":"Claw-R1: A Step-Level Data Middleware System for Agentic Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Claw-R1: A Step-Level Data Middleware System for Agentic Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163991251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.09138"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.09138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.09138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.09138","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068700447","display_name":"Daoyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0452-0516"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Daoyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138273846","display_name":"Mingyue Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng, Mingyue","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102791982","display_name":"Qingchuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9915-2589"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Qingchuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138280561","display_name":"Shuo Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Shuo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138222717","display_name":"Jie Ouyang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ouyang, Jie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138237798","display_name":"Qi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6479-5170"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.3605000078678131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.3605000078678131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.07720000296831131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.06270000338554382,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gateway","display_name":"Gateway (web page)","score":0.6908000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middleware","display_name":"Middleware (distributed applications)","score":0.6061999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.45350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-access","display_name":"Data access","score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.3409999907016754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777710495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5527195","display_name":"Gateway (web page)","level":2,"score":0.6908000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169468491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146923","display_name":"Middleware (distributed applications)","level":2,"score":0.6061999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.45350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4244999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47487241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227230","display_name":"Data access","level":2,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1668388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149776","display_name":"Data management","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187713609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465461","display_name":"Default gateway","level":2,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776207758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5303302","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","level":2,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138958017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190087","display_name":"Data type","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205295232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76320","display_name":"Database server","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.09138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.09138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.09138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.09138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Agentic":[0],"reinforcement":[1],"learning":[2],"(RL)":[3],"has":[4],"become":[5],"an":[6,63],"important":[7],"post-training":[8],"paradigm":[9],"for":[10,69,153],"turning":[11],"LLMs":[12],"from":[13,50],"static":[14],"chatbots":[15],"into":[16,112],"interactive":[17,64],"agents,":[18],"giving":[19],"rise":[20],"to":[21,42,53,178,182],"representative":[22],"applications":[23],"such":[24],"as":[25,164],"OpenClaw.":[26],"Existing":[27],"work":[28],"mainly":[29],"focuses":[30],"on":[31],"policy":[32],"optimization":[33],"algorithms":[34],"and":[35,88,122,138,147,149,198],"training":[36,54,79],"frameworks,":[37],"but":[38],"pays":[39],"less":[40],"attention":[41],"the":[43,107,135,180,184,199],"full":[44],"data":[45,51,66,144,166,187],"lifecycle":[46],"of":[47,116,140,186],"agent-environment":[48],"interactions,":[49],"production":[52],"consumption.":[55],"To":[56],"bridge":[57],"this":[58,174],"gap,":[59],"we":[60,176],"present":[61],"Claw-R1,":[62],"step-level":[65,113],"middleware":[67],"system":[68],"agentic":[70,190],"RL.":[71,191],"Claw-R1":[72,159],"connects":[73],"heterogeneous":[74],"agent":[75,161],"runtimes":[76],"with":[77],"RL":[78,156],"backends":[80],"through":[81,99],"two":[82],"core":[83],"components:":[84],"a":[85,89,100],"Gateway":[86,93],"Server":[87,94],"Data":[90,108],"Pool.":[91],"The":[92],"captures":[95],"multi-turn":[96],"interaction":[97,162],"steps":[98],"unified":[101],"LLM":[102],"API":[103],"entry":[104],"point,":[105],"while":[106],"Pool":[109],"organizes":[110],"them":[111],"records":[114],"consisting":[115],"prompt":[117],"IDs,":[118,120],"response":[119],"rewards":[121],"other":[123],"metadata.":[124],"In":[125],"our":[126],"demo,":[127],"users":[128],"can":[129,202],"interactively":[130],"inspect":[131],"live":[132],"trajectories,":[133],"examine":[134],"state,":[136],"action,":[137],"reward":[139],"each":[141],"step,":[142],"curate":[143],"by":[145],"quality":[146],"readiness,":[148],"configure":[150],"training-ready":[151],"batches":[152],"different":[154],"downstream":[155],"algorithms.":[157],"Overall,":[158],"treats":[160],"traces":[163],"managed":[165],"assets":[167],"rather":[168],"than":[169],"temporary":[170],"runtime":[171],"logs.":[172],"Through":[173],"demonstration,":[175],"hope":[177],"encourage":[179],"community":[181],"recognize":[183],"importance":[185],"management":[188],"in":[189],"Our":[192],"code":[193],"is":[194],"available":[195],"at":[196,205],"https://github.com/AgentR1/Claw-R1":[197],"demonstration":[200],"video":[201],"be":[203],"found":[204],"link":[206],"https://youtu.be/Pw47dAOw6B0.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-10T00:00:00"}