{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163992305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.08682","title":"Activation Steering Induces Emergent Misalignment: A More Comprehensive Evaluation","display_name":"Activation Steering Induces Emergent Misalignment: A More Comprehensive Evaluation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163992305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.08682"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.08682","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.08682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.08682","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138221040","display_name":"Qi Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cao, Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138225628","display_name":"Jian Lou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lou, Jian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138212516","display_name":"Meiting Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Meiting","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138216826","display_name":"Wenjie Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng, Wenjie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138280873","display_name":"Dan Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Dan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138239120","display_name":"See-Kiong Ng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ng, See-Kiong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138242106","display_name":"Anh Tuan Luu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luu, Anh Tuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.3788999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.3788999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.09359999746084213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.04639999940991402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6255000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.4366999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.3538999855518341}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7610999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6255000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.44929999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.4366999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.08682","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.08682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.08682","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.08682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.422769695520401}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Activation":[0],"steering":[1,21,38,94,135,183,190,225],"has":[2,55,88],"emerged":[3],"as":[4,60,105,226],"a":[5,20,26,61,72,106,114,227],"popular":[6],"inference-time":[7],"technique":[8],"for":[9,240],"modulating":[10],"the":[11,45,123,142,164,185,189,193,203,242],"behavior":[12,28,81],"of":[13,25,117,174,188,195,207,232,247],"large":[14],"language":[15],"models":[16,66,148],"(LLMs).":[17],"By":[18],"constructing":[19],"vector":[22],"from":[23,71],"examples":[24,70],"target":[27,216],"and":[29,156,192,205,218,235,244],"injecting":[30],"it":[31],"into":[32],"intermediate":[33],"activations":[34],"during":[35,197],"inference,":[36],"activation":[37,93,134,224],"enables":[39],"flexible":[40],"behavioral":[41],"control":[42],"while":[43],"avoiding":[44],"permanent":[46],"parameter":[47],"updates":[48],"required":[49],"by":[50,177],"finetuning.":[51],"Meanwhile,":[52],"recent":[53,143],"work":[54],"identified":[56],"emergent":[57,119,233],"misalignment":[58,166,234],"(EM)":[59],"significant":[62,228],"safety":[63,245],"concern,":[64],"wherein":[65],"finetuned":[67,161],"on":[68,82],"unsafe":[69,80],"narrow":[73],"task":[74],"may":[75],"unexpectedly":[76],"generalize":[77],"to":[78],"broadly":[79],"unrelated":[83],"tasks.":[84],"Although":[85],"finetuning-induced":[86],"EM":[87,97,176,209],"been":[89],"extensively":[90],"studied,":[91],"whether":[92],"can":[95,136],"induce":[96,137],"remains":[98],"comparatively":[99],"under-explored,":[100],"despite":[101],"its":[102],"increasing":[103],"use":[104],"model-control":[107],"technique.":[108],"In":[109],"this":[110],"paper,":[111],"we":[112,131,171,201],"present":[113],"comprehensive":[115],"study":[116],"activation-steering-induced":[118],"misalignment,":[120,139],"substantially":[121],"expanding":[122],"evaluation":[124],"scope":[125],"beyond":[126],"existing":[127],"pioneering":[128],"work.":[129],"First,":[130],"show":[132],"that":[133],"broad":[138],"even":[140],"in":[141],"Qwen-3.5":[144],"series.":[145],"Moreover,":[146],"activation-steered":[147],"produce":[149],"harmful":[150],"responses":[151],"with":[152],"stronger":[153],"semantic":[154],"relevance":[155],"higher":[157],"coherence":[158],"than":[159],"their":[160],"counterparts,":[162],"making":[163],"resulting":[165],"potentially":[167],"more":[168],"harmful.":[169],"Second,":[170],"characterize":[172],"properties":[173],"AS-induced":[175,208],"analyzing":[178],"key":[179],"steering-specific":[180],"factors,":[181],"including":[182],"magnitude,":[184],"low-rank":[186],"structure":[187],"subspace,":[191],"number":[194],"epochs":[196],"steering-vector":[198],"construction.":[199],"Third,":[200],"evaluate":[202],"robustness":[204],"sensitivity":[206],"across":[210],"diverse":[211],"model":[212,214],"families,":[213],"scales,":[215],"tasks,":[217],"intervention":[219],"layers.":[220],"Our":[221],"findings":[222],"reveal":[223],"yet":[229],"under-examined":[230],"source":[231],"provide":[236],"an":[237],"activation-space":[238],"perspective":[239],"understanding":[241],"mechanisms":[243],"risks":[246],"EM.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-06-10T00:00:00"}