{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164003147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.07805","title":"Beyond Goodhart's Law: A Dynamic Benchmark for Evaluating Compliance in Multi-Agent Systems","display_name":"Beyond Goodhart's Law: A Dynamic Benchmark for Evaluating Compliance in Multi-Agent Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164003147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.07805"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.07805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.07805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.07805","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084877885","display_name":"Yiyang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4935-0688"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Yiyang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138266397","display_name":"Zhuo Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Zhuo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138246161","display_name":"Qingxuan Le","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le, Qingxuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138252658","display_name":"Lizhen Qu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qu, Lizhen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138204109","display_name":"Zenglin Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Zenglin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.35440000891685486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.35440000891685486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.11670000106096268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.08590000122785568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.795199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sandbox","display_name":"Sandbox (software development)","score":0.704200029373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6312999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.4875999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neglect","display_name":"Neglect","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compliance","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.319599986076355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.795199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7210999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167981075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2667186","display_name":"Sandbox (software development)","level":2,"score":0.704200029373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6312999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.4875999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48570001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776289891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931511","display_name":"Neglect","level":2,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3605000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171268870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486676","display_name":"GRASP","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355821","display_name":"Frontier","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105002631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4833645","display_name":"Subject-matter expert","level":3,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.07805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.07805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.07805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.07805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6837355494499207,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"evolution":[2],"of":[3,44,65,136],"Large":[4],"Language":[5],"Models":[6],"(LLMs)":[7],"from":[8],"passive":[9],"assistants":[10],"to":[11,28,37,60,140],"autonomous,":[12],"execution-capable":[13],"agents":[14,32,107],"has":[15],"introduced":[16,118],"critical":[17],"operational":[18],"risks.":[19],"Most":[20],"current":[21],"evaluation":[22,135],"frameworks":[23],"neglect":[24],"procedural":[25,63],"compliance,":[26],"leading":[27],"''Machiavellian''":[29],"behaviors":[30],"where":[31],"strategically":[33],"violate":[34],"safety":[35],"rules":[36],"maximize":[38],"rewards":[39],"-":[40,75,77,79],"a":[41,55,133],"direct":[42],"manifestation":[43],"Goodhart's":[45],"Law.":[46],"To":[47],"address":[48],"this":[49],"blind":[50],"spot,":[51],"we":[52],"introduce":[53],"MAC-Bench,":[54],"dynamic,":[56],"adversarial":[57],"benchmark":[58],"designed":[59],"evaluate":[61],"the":[62,73,121,127,142],"alignment":[64],"multi-agent":[66],"systems":[67],"under":[68],"realistic":[69],"pressure.":[70],"We":[71,117],"propose":[72],"SERV(Seed":[74],"Evolve":[76],"Refine":[78],"Verify)":[80],"pipeline,":[81],"an":[82],"``Agent-as-a-Benchmark''":[83],"paradigm":[84],"that":[85],"transforms":[86],"unstructured":[87],"legal":[88],"texts":[89],"into":[90,108],"executable,":[91],"contamination-free":[92],"scenarios.":[93],"By":[94],"synthesizing":[95],"holographic":[96],"sandbox":[97],"environments":[98],"and":[99,114,126,131,147],"injecting":[100],"calibrated":[101],"social-engineering":[102],"pressure":[103],"vectors,":[104],"MAC-Bench":[105],"forces":[106],"Pareto-optimal":[109],"trade-offs":[110,144],"between":[111,145],"task":[112],"success":[113,146],"regulatory":[115],"adherence.":[116],"novel":[119],"metrics:":[120],"Compliance-Weighted":[122],"Success":[123],"Rate":[124],"(CSR)":[125],"Machiavellian":[128],"Gap":[129],"(MG),":[130],"conducted":[132],"comprehensive":[134],"state-of-the-art":[137],"frontier":[138],"models":[139],"reveal":[141],"pervasive":[143],"compliance.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-10T00:00:00"}
