{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164020240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.07641","title":"Readable Yet Unpredictable: Rotated-Outcome Prediction in Vision-Language Models","display_name":"Readable Yet Unpredictable: Rotated-Outcome Prediction in Vision-Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164020240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.07641"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.07641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.07641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.07641","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132543005","display_name":"Lexin Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Lexin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138201093","display_name":"Shenghua Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Shenghua","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138256116","display_name":"Yiwei Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Yiwei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138228324","display_name":"Jiafeng Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo, Jiafeng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138263860","display_name":"Xueqi Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng, Xueqi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.6345000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.6345000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.06710000336170197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.023399999365210533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","score":0.5615000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5023000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4643000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.45570001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.4171999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6769000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6636999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5615000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5023000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4643000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45570001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4465999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.07641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.07641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.07641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.07641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8851115703582764,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Can":[0],"vision-language":[1],"models":[2,110],"predict":[3,157],"what":[4,30],"a":[5,26,37,54,127,145],"180\u00b0":[6,38],"rotation":[7],"would":[8,31],"reveal":[9],"from":[10,93,160],"the":[11,44,74,81,90,94,122,132,138,161],"original":[12,24,82,95,139,162],"image":[13,96],"alone?":[14],"We":[15],"study":[16,118],"this":[17,49],"ability":[18],"through":[19],"Rotated-Outcome":[20],"Prediction:":[21],"given":[22,79],"an":[23],"image,":[25,85],"model":[27],"must":[28],"answer":[29],"be":[32],"seen":[33],"or":[34,83],"read":[35],"after":[36],"in-plane":[39],"rotation,":[40],"without":[41],"directly":[42,78],"observing":[43],"rotated":[45,84,91],"target.":[46],"To":[47],"isolate":[48],"gap,":[50],"we":[51],"introduce":[52],"RotOutBench,":[53],"paired":[55],"diagnostic":[56],"benchmark":[57],"spanning":[58],"open":[59],"visual":[60,147],"cases":[61],"and":[62],"controlled":[63,99],"text-image":[64,100],"rotations.":[65],"A":[66,115],"sharp":[67],"pattern":[68],"emerges:":[69],"many":[70],"VLMs":[71,142],"can":[72,125,143],"recognize":[73,144],"relevant":[75],"content":[76],"when":[77,149],"either":[80],"yet":[86],"fail":[87,155],"to":[88,105,156],"infer":[89],"result":[92],"alone.":[97],"On":[98],"rotations,":[101],"predicted-rotation":[102],"accuracy":[103],"collapses":[104],"near":[106],"zero":[107],"even":[108],"for":[109],"with":[111],"high":[112],"direct-reading":[113],"accuracy.":[114],"model-level":[116],"case":[117],"further":[119],"shows":[120],"that":[121,158],"prediction":[123],"state":[124,148,159],"approach":[126],"rotated-image":[128],"reading":[129],"state,":[130],"while":[131],"final":[133],"readout":[134],"still":[135],"shifts":[136],"toward":[137],"string.":[140],"Current":[141],"transformed":[146],"it":[150],"is":[151],"shown,":[152],"but":[153],"often":[154],"view.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-10T00:00:00"}