{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163888232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.06924","title":"From Sampled Outcomes to Capability Distributions: Rethinking Supervision for LLM Routing","display_name":"From Sampled Outcomes to Capability Distributions: Rethinking Supervision for LLM Routing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163888232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.06924"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.06924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.06924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.06924","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125074031","display_name":"Guannan Lai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lai, Guannan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052283470","display_name":"Haoran Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1156-6742"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Haoran","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138164320","display_name":"Long Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Long","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103196797","display_name":"Zhenguo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8492-3069"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Zhenguo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138105234","display_name":"Han-Jia Ye","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye, Han-Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.3109000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.3109000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.12349999696016312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.121799997985363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.6891999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-routing","display_name":"Static routing","score":0.5733000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-based-routing","display_name":"Policy-based routing","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-routing","display_name":"Multipath routing","score":0.4203000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-source-routing","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","score":0.3856000006198883}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.6891999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6816999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.5733000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196423136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209671","display_name":"Policy-based routing","level":5,"score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76522221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035396","display_name":"Multipath routing","level":5,"score":0.4203000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87044965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091139","display_name":"Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol","level":5,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50558702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535067","display_name":"Geographic routing","level":5,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184896649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290066","display_name":"Routing table","level":4,"score":0.2590999901294708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.06924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.06924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.06924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.06924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"LLM":[1,22,162],"routing":[2,55,59,77,155,163],"methods":[3],"typically":[4],"treat":[5],"a":[6,11,32,36,42,73,80,90],"model's":[7],"single":[8,91],"response":[9],"to":[10],"query":[12,110],"as":[13],"its":[14],"capability":[15,44,175],"label":[16],"for":[17,129,142],"training":[18],"routers.":[19],"However,":[20],"because":[21],"generation":[23],"is":[24],"inherently":[25],"stochastic,":[26],"such":[27],"single-shot":[28,137],"supervision":[29,78,127,147],"provides":[30,148],"only":[31],"noisy":[33],"observation":[34],"of":[35,83,87],"query-model":[37],"pair's":[38],"behavior":[39],"rather":[40],"than":[41],"reliable":[43,126,161],"estimate.":[45],"We":[46],"show":[47,135],"that":[48,75,136,160],"this":[49,65],"assumption":[50],"introduces":[51],"systematic":[52],"noise":[53],"into":[54],"supervision,":[56],"making":[57],"learned":[58,154],"policies":[60],"less":[61],"reliable.":[62],"To":[63],"address":[64],"issue,":[66],"we":[67],"propose":[68],"DARS":[69,94,123],"(Distribution-Aware":[70],"Routing":[71],"Supervision),":[72],"framework":[74],"constructs":[76],"from":[79,97],"distributional":[81],"view":[82],"model":[84,116,143,174],"behavior.":[85,156],"Instead":[86],"relying":[88],"on":[89,119],"generated":[92],"response,":[93],"considers":[95],"uncertainty":[96],"both":[98],"the":[99,103],"input":[100],"side":[101],"and":[102,112,152,169],"output":[104],"side,":[105],"capturing":[106],"how":[107],"semantically":[108],"equivalent":[109],"formulations":[111],"stochastic":[113],"generations":[114],"affect":[115],"performance.":[117],"Based":[118],"these":[120],"distribution-aware":[121,146],"observations,":[122],"builds":[124],"more":[125,149],"signals":[128],"routing.":[130],"Experiments":[131],"across":[132],"diverse":[133],"tasks":[134],"labels":[138,151],"can":[139],"be":[140,170],"misleading":[141],"selection,":[144],"while":[145],"stable":[150],"improves":[153],"Our":[157],"results":[158],"suggest":[159],"should":[164],"move":[165],"beyond":[166],"single-response":[167],"observations":[168],"grounded":[171],"in":[172],"query-level":[173],"distributions.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-09T00:00:00"}
