{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163924892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.06523","title":"Lean4Agent: Formal Modeling and Verification for Agent Workflow and Trajectory","display_name":"Lean4Agent: Formal Modeling and Verification for Agent Workflow and Trajectory","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163924892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.06523"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.06523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.06523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.06523","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138121426","display_name":"Ruida Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Ruida","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006728000","display_name":"Jerry Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6224-4785"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Jerry","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100441269","display_name":"Pengcheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6395-4870"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Pengcheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005915688","display_name":"Xuanqing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0328-6708"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Xuanqing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138191989","display_name":"Luyang Kong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kong, Luyang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138117278","display_name":"Tong Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.2451000064611435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.2451000064611435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.12919999659061432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.0738999992609024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.7566999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.7093999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.5627999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5217000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.49639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-specification","display_name":"Formal specification","score":0.3695000112056732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7972000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.7566999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.7093999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.6007999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.5627999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5217000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.49639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116253237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437424","display_name":"Formal specification","level":2,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140824633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2808660","display_name":"Workflow management system","level":3,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146072743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192161","display_name":"Formal language","level":2,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32833848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115054","display_name":"Extensibility","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941921","display_name":"Modeling language","level":3,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136388014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084976","display_name":"Algorithmic program debugging","level":3,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985583900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722617","display_name":"Formal description","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.06523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.06523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.06523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.06523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6743173003196716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Equipping":[0],"Large":[1],"Language":[2],"Models":[3],"(LLMs)":[4],"to":[5,71,86,132,135,195],"execute":[6],"reliable":[7],"multi-step":[8],"workflows":[9,134,161],"has":[10],"become":[11],"a":[12,45,83,142,149,184,187],"central":[13],"challenge":[14,43],"in":[15,21,48,130],"artificial":[16],"intelligence.":[17],"Despite":[18],"recent":[19],"advances":[20],"LLMs'":[22],"agentic":[23],"capabilities,":[24],"most":[25],"agent":[26,90,104,200],"systems":[27],"still":[28],"lack":[29],"formal":[30,61],"methods":[31],"for":[32,99,186],"specifying,":[33],"verifying,":[34],"and":[35,39,88,102,111,148,171,198],"debugging":[36],"their":[37],"workflow":[38],"execution":[40],"trajectories.":[41,119],"This":[42],"mirrors":[44],"long-standing":[46],"problem":[47,144],"mathematics,":[49],"where":[50],"the":[51,58,72,77,159,163],"ambiguity":[52],"of":[53,60,74,114,146,151,169,190],"natural":[54],"languages":[55,62],"(NLs)":[56],"motivates":[57],"development":[59],"(FLs).":[63],"Inspired":[64],"by":[65,118,166,177],"this":[66],"paradigm,":[67],"we":[68,123],"propose":[69],"**Lean4Agent**,":[70],"best":[73],"our":[75],"knowledge,":[76],"first":[78],"framework":[79],"that":[80,158],"uses":[81],"Lean4,":[82],"dependent-type":[84,193],"FL":[85,194],"model":[87,197],"verify":[89,199],"behavior.":[91,201],"**Lean4Agent**":[92,182],"launches":[93],"**FormalAgentLib**,":[94,122],"an":[95,167],"extensible":[96],"Lean4":[97],"library":[98],"formally":[100,196],"modeling":[101],"verifying":[103],"workflows'":[105],"semantic":[106],"consistency":[107],"under":[108],"explicit":[109],"assumptions,":[110],"enabling":[112],"localization":[113],"execution-time":[115],"failures":[116],"revealed":[117],"Building":[120],"on":[121,141,179],"further":[124,173],"develop":[125],"**LeanEvolve**,":[126],"which":[127],"applies":[128],"results":[129],"**FormalAgentLib**":[131],"revise":[133],"enhance":[136],"its":[137],"capability.":[138],"Extensive":[139],"experiments":[140],"hard":[143],"subset":[145,150],"SWE-Bench-Verified":[147],"ELAIP-Bench":[152],"across":[153],"5":[154],"leading":[155],"LLMs":[156],"indicate":[157],"verification-passing":[160],"outperform":[162],"failing":[164],"ones":[165],"average":[168],"**11.94%**,":[170],"**LeanEvolve**":[172],"improves":[174],"SWE":[175],"performance":[176],"**7.47%**":[178],"average.":[180],"Furthermore,":[181],"establishes":[183],"foundation":[185],"new":[188],"field":[189],"using":[191],"expressive":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-06-09T00:00:00"}
