{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163691791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05497","title":"LEVANTE-bench: Multi-Scale Comparison of VLMs to Children Using Cognitive Tasks (or, \"Is Your VLM Smarter Than a 5th Grader?\")","display_name":"LEVANTE-bench: Multi-Scale Comparison of VLMs to Children Using Cognitive Tasks (or, \"Is Your VLM Smarter Than a 5th Grader?\")","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163691791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05497"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.05497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05497","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05497","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075292564","display_name":"Alvin Wei Ming Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5551-7507"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tan, Alvin Wei Ming","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137929278","display_name":"David Cardinal","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cardinal, David","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138001934","display_name":"Tania Lorido-Botran","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorido-Botran, Tania","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031391363","display_name":"Laura Bravo-S\u00e1nchez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3556-3391"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bravo-Sanchez, Laura","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063420191","display_name":"Sunny Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Sunny","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137929987","display_name":"Michael C. Frank","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank, Michael C.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.4334999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.4334999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.20550000667572021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12694","display_name":"Categorization, perception, and language","score":0.07419999688863754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.7457000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-rotation","display_name":"Mental rotation","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5612000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.489300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elementary-cognitive-task","display_name":"Elementary cognitive task","score":0.426800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-model","display_name":"Cognitive model","score":0.375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.7457000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68867621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q257360","display_name":"Mental rotation","level":3,"score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5723000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5612000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5565000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.489300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4672999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4537999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4302000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119653847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1327780","display_name":"Elementary cognitive task","level":3,"score":0.426800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161407221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382939","display_name":"Cognitive model","level":3,"score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778662690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3125339","display_name":"Spatial ability","level":3,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140441792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2910672","display_name":"Cognitive development","level":3,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45768438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337432","display_name":"Numerical cognition","level":3,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982912361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1851867","display_name":"Mental model","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.05497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05497","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.05497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05497","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8147578239440918,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Given":[0],"the":[1,53,125,162,181],"inherently":[2],"multimodal":[3],"nature":[4],"of":[5,127,184],"human":[6,16,34,141],"experience,":[7],"vision-language":[8],"models":[9,95,133,153],"(VLMs)":[10],"hold":[11],"substantial":[12],"promise":[13],"for":[14,30,149],"modeling":[15],"cognition":[17,66],"as":[18],"it":[19],"grows":[20],"and":[21,40,50,62,69,105,110,129,148,169],"develops":[22],"with":[23,33,83,108,136,180],"experience.":[24],"Realizing":[25],"their":[26,81,100,103],"potential":[27],"requires":[28],"tools":[29],"comparing":[31,80],"VLMs":[32,76,164],"cognitive":[35,182],"development":[36],"across":[37,67,90,122,146],"tasks,":[38,79,147,151],"ages,":[39],"populations.":[41],"We":[42,93],"present":[43],"LEVANTE-bench,":[44,72],"a":[45],"benchmark":[46],"based":[47],"on":[48,77,166],"tasks":[49,61,128],"data":[51,63],"from":[52],"Learning":[54],"Variability":[55],"Network":[56],"(LEVANTE),":[57],"which":[58],"distributes":[59],"open-source":[60],"measuring":[64],"children's":[65,115,156],"languages":[68],"cultures.":[70],"In":[71,159],"we":[73],"systematically":[74],"assess":[75],"six":[78],"alignment":[82,107],"children":[84],"aged":[85],"5-12":[86],"($N$":[87],"=":[88],"1547)":[89],"three":[91],"countries.":[92],"compare":[94],"at":[96,124],"multiple":[97],"scales,":[98],"assessing":[99],"overall":[101],"accuracy,":[102],"task-":[104],"item-level":[106],"children,":[109],"how":[111],"well":[112],"they":[113],"match":[114,139],"trial-level":[116],"error":[117,142],"distributions.":[118],"Alignment":[119],"was":[120],"heterogeneous":[121],"scales:":[123],"level":[126],"items,":[130],"more":[131],"capable":[132],"aligned":[134],"better":[135],"humans.":[137],"However,":[138],"to":[140],"distributions":[143],"varied":[144],"widely":[145],"several":[150],"smaller":[152],"matched":[154],"younger":[155],"errors":[157],"better.":[158],"addition,":[160],"even":[161],"best-performing":[163],"struggled":[165],"matrix":[167],"reasoning":[168],"mental":[170],"rotation":[171],"tasks.":[172],"Thus,":[173],"current":[174],"VLM":[175],"architectures":[176],"align":[177],"only":[178],"partially":[179],"abilities":[183],"children.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-06T00:00:00"}