{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163695189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05463","title":"PSEBench: A Controllable and Verifiable Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs in Patient Safety Event Triage","display_name":"PSEBench: A Controllable and Verifiable Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs in Patient Safety Event Triage","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163695189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05463"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.05463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05463","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137571991","display_name":"Keqi Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han, Keqi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138006740","display_name":"Ryan Young","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young, Ryan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137960403","display_name":"Annabel Strauss","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Strauss, Annabel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138003678","display_name":"Lindsey Hughes","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hughes, Lindsey","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076803261","display_name":"Katharine M. Nesbitt","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nesbitt, Katharine M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138006839","display_name":"Nicole Schueler","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schueler, Nicole","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135242089","display_name":"Che Ngufor","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ngufor, Che","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137955809","display_name":"Carl Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Carl","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028544932","display_name":"Yuan Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-9037"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue, Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137960649","display_name":"Zhijun Yin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yin, Zhijun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10508","display_name":"Patient Safety and Medication Errors","score":0.37119999527931213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10508","display_name":"Patient Safety and Medication Errors","score":0.37119999527931213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.11990000307559967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.094200000166893,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.7177000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triage","display_name":"Triage","score":0.6837999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6607999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-safety","display_name":"Patient safety","score":0.5480999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.53329998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interrogation","display_name":"Interrogation","score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.3831000030040741}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.7177000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777120189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780067","display_name":"Triage","level":2,"score":0.6837999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6607999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475557","display_name":"Patient safety","level":3,"score":0.5480999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5439000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.53329998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776240099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327018","display_name":"Interrogation","level":2,"score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.37959998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3781999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.3312999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57658597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550789","display_name":"Pharmacovigilance","level":3,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777105317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4686710","display_name":"Adverse Event Reporting System","level":3,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780234205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2281276","display_name":"Safety case","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.05463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.05463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7466815710067749,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Patient":[0],"safety":[1,23,152],"event":[2,8,153],"triage,":[3],"determining":[4],"whether":[5],"a":[6,15,63,72,123],"clinical":[7],"is":[9,14,33],"reportable":[10],"under":[11],"jurisdiction-specific":[12],"policy,":[13],"high-stakes":[16],"task":[17],"typically":[18],"performed":[19],"manually":[20],"by":[21,35],"patient":[22,151],"experts.":[24],"Although":[25],"LLMs":[26,135],"may":[27],"support":[28],"this":[29,60,112],"workflow,":[30],"reliable":[31,149],"evaluation":[32,129],"limited":[34],"the":[36,69,141],"lack":[37],"of":[38],"benchmarks":[39],"to":[40],"capture":[41],"evidence-grounded":[42],"policy":[43],"reasoning,":[44],"proactive":[45],"information":[46,106],"seeking":[47],"for":[48],"incomplete":[49],"reports,":[50],"and":[51,89,101,107,144],"principled":[52],"abstention":[53],"in":[54],"irreducibly":[55],"ambiguous":[56],"cases.":[57],"We":[58,110],"address":[59],"gap":[61],"with":[62,86,97,126],"policy-grounded":[64],"construction":[65],"methodology":[66],"centered":[67],"on":[68,114,132],"clause":[70,84],"card,":[71],"structured":[73],"representation":[74],"that":[75],"factorizes":[76],"regulatory":[77],"text":[78],"into":[79],"auditable":[80],"decision":[81],"specifications.":[82],"Combining":[83],"cards":[85],"anchor-driven":[87],"instantiation":[88],"closed-loop":[90],"verification,":[91],"our":[92],"scalable":[93],"pipeline":[94],"produces":[95],"narratives":[96],"by-construction":[98],"ground":[99],"truth":[100],"naturally":[102],"supports":[103],"generating":[104],"missing":[105],"uncertain":[108],"variants.":[109],"instantiate":[111],"method":[113],"Minnesota's":[115],"29":[116],"Reportable":[117],"Adverse":[118],"Health":[119],"Events,":[120],"producing":[121],"PSEBench,":[122],"5,074-case":[124],"benchmark":[125],"an":[127],"agentic":[128],"environment.":[130],"Evaluation":[131],"15":[133],"representative":[134],"reveals":[136],"consistent":[137],"capability":[138],"trends,":[139],"demonstrates":[140],"benchmark's":[142],"utility,":[143],"identifies":[145],"actionable":[146],"gaps":[147],"toward":[148],"LLM-based":[150],"triage.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-06-06T00:00:00"}
