{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163585933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05078","title":"Attention-Augmented LSTMs for Automatic Homophonic Ciphertext Decipherment","display_name":"Attention-Augmented LSTMs for Automatic Homophonic Ciphertext Decipherment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163585933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05078"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.05078","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05078","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093458305","display_name":"Micaella Bruton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5621-5440"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruton, Micaella","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051998921","display_name":"Meriem Beloucif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4659-759X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beloucif, Meriem","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018109407","display_name":"Be\u00e1ta Megyesi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4838-6518"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Megyesi, Be\u00e1ta","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12572","display_name":"Intelligence, Security, War Strategy","score":0.5665000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12572","display_name":"Intelligence, Security, War Strategy","score":0.5665000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.05260000005364418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.04780000075697899,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decipherment","display_name":"Decipherment","score":0.95660001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ciphertext","display_name":"Ciphertext","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5393000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plaintext","display_name":"Plaintext","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.36329999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cipher","display_name":"Cipher","score":0.34150001406669617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778467380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345443","display_name":"Decipherment","level":2,"score":0.95660001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93974786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589480","display_name":"Ciphertext","level":3,"score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7577000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5393000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92717368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162538","display_name":"Plaintext","level":3,"score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.36329999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4681865","display_name":"Cipher","level":3,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94922259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33215","display_name":"Constructed language","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204806902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2333581","display_name":"Semantic security","level":5,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179926584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207714","display_name":"Transcription (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.05078","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.05078","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Homophonic":[0],"substitution":[1],"ciphers":[2],"replace":[3],"each":[4],"plaintext":[5],"letter":[6],"with":[7,68],"one":[8],"of":[9,61],"several":[10],"possible":[11],"ciphertext":[12,82],"codes,":[13,86],"deliberately":[14],"weakening":[15],"letter-frequency":[16],"patterns":[17],"and":[18,73,87,117,122,146],"making":[19],"automated":[20],"decipherment":[21,145],"difficult.":[22],"This":[23],"paper":[24],"evaluates":[25],"whether":[26],"an":[27],"attention-augmented":[28],"Long":[29],"Short-Term":[30],"Memory":[31],"(LSTM)":[32],"model":[33,126],"can":[34],"learn":[35],"such":[36],"mappings":[37],"in":[38],"a":[39,141],"historically":[40],"motivated":[41],"shared-key":[42],"setting:":[43],"all":[44,118],"ciphertexts":[45,66,131],"draw":[46],"from":[47,70],"the":[48,133],"same":[49],"known":[50],"homophonic":[51],"code":[52],"pool,":[53,135],"while":[54],"individual":[55],"keys":[56],"use":[57],"different":[58],"consistent":[59],"subsets":[60],"that":[62,137],"pool.":[63],"Using":[64],"synthetic":[65],"generated":[67],"ChronoFidelius":[69],"historical":[71],"English":[72],"Swedish":[74],"texts":[75],"dated":[76],"1500--1899,":[77],"we":[78],"test":[79],"performance":[80],"across":[81,114],"lengths,":[83],"centuries,":[84],"variable-length":[85],"simulated":[88],"transcription":[89],"errors.":[90],"Models":[91],"are":[92],"trained":[93],"only":[94],"on":[95,130],"aligned":[96],"ciphertext--plaintext":[97],"pairs,":[98],"without":[99],"external":[100],"language":[101],"models,":[102],"frequency":[103],"statistics,":[104],"or":[105],"key-search":[106],"heuristics.":[107],"Results":[108],"show":[109],"near-perfect":[110],"character-level":[111],"decryption":[112],"accuracy":[113],"both":[115],"languages":[116],"periods,":[119],"including":[120],"short":[121],"noisy":[123],"ciphertexts.":[124],"The":[125],"also":[127],"fails":[128],"predictably":[129],"outside":[132],"shared":[134],"indicating":[136],"it":[138],"functions":[139],"as":[140],"practical":[142],"tool":[143],"for":[144],"key-space":[147],"verification":[148],"when":[149],"key":[150],"reuse":[151],"is":[152],"suspected.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-06-05T00:00:00"}