{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163384348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.03788","title":"SLU-2K: A Question-Based Benchmark for Semantic Evaluation of Sign Language Translation","display_name":"SLU-2K: A Question-Based Benchmark for Semantic Evaluation of Sign Language Translation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163384348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.03788"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.03788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.03788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.03788","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137731471","display_name":"Zeno Testa","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Testa, Zeno","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135384856","display_name":"Antonino Furnari","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Furnari, Antonino","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048928616","display_name":"Lorenzo Baraldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5125-4957"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baraldi, Lorenzo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058176171","display_name":"Natalia D\u00edaz-Rodr\u00edguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3362-9326"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D\u00edaz-Rodr\u00edguez, Natalia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5738999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.5159000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluency","display_name":"Fluency","score":0.4900999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4875999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.4805000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-language","display_name":"Sign language","score":0.43290001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.40700000524520874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8374000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5738999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.5159000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777413886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276013","display_name":"Fluency","level":2,"score":0.4900999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4875999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.4805000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522192633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228","display_name":"Sign language","level":2,"score":0.43290001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.3763999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83479923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063748","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","level":4,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511149849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449051","display_name":"Semantic computing","level":3,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90312973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449052","display_name":"Semantic data model","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193125573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449065","display_name":"Semantic interpretation","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197914299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18650","display_name":"Semantic memory","level":3,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.03788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.03788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.03788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.03788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7161906957626343,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sign":[0,57,62],"Language":[1,58,63,169],"Translation":[2,59],"(SLT)":[3,60],"is":[4,36],"typically":[5],"evaluated":[6],"with":[7,39,66,217],"surface-form":[8],"metrics":[9],"such":[10,94],"as":[11,95],"BLEU":[12],"and":[13,99,103,126,134,155,172,178,235,246,256],"ROUGE,":[14],"which":[15,142],"reward":[16],"lexical":[17],"overlap":[18],"but":[19,249],"do":[20],"not":[21,242],"directly":[22],"measure":[23],"whether":[24],"a":[25,113,192,213],"translation":[26,204],"preserves":[27],"the":[28,31,40,54,84,91,123,160,189],"meaning":[29],"of":[30,43,90,115,162,196],"source":[32],"sign":[33],"sequence.":[34],"This":[35],"in":[37,46,198],"contrast":[38],"final":[41],"objective":[42],"integrating":[44],"SLT":[45,229],"assistive":[47],"technology.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50,107],"work,":[51],"we":[52,73,110,132],"shift":[53],"focus":[55],"from":[56,83,220],"to":[61,80,222],"Understanding":[64],"(SLU),":[65],"particular":[67],"emphasis":[68],"on":[69,77,122,208],"semantic":[70,88,215,252],"understanding.":[71],"Specifically,":[72],"evaluate":[74,136],"systems":[75,205],"based":[76,121],"their":[78],"ability":[79],"correctly":[81],"recover,":[82],"input":[85],"video,":[86],"key":[87],"aspects":[89],"original":[92],"sentence,":[93],"actions":[96],"taking":[97],"place":[98],"facts":[100],"about":[101],"people":[102],"objects.":[104],"To":[105,129],"enable":[106],"evaluation":[108,230],"systematically,":[109],"propose":[111,133],"SLU-2K,":[112,131],"dataset":[114],"2,350":[116],"closed-ended":[117],"video":[118],"question-answer":[119],"pairs":[120],"popular":[124,166],"PHOENIX-2014T":[125],"CSL-Daily":[127],"datasets.":[128],"obtain":[130],"extensively":[135],"an":[137],"automated":[138],"data":[139,210],"generation":[140],"pipeline":[141],"produces":[143],"questions":[144],"across":[145],"7":[146],"categories,":[147],"namely":[148],"actions,":[149],"locations,":[150],"numbers,":[151],"objects,":[152],"people,":[153],"time,":[154],"weather":[156],"conditions.":[157],"We":[158],"show":[159,182],"potential":[161],"SLU-2K":[163],"by":[164,244,251],"evaluating":[165],"Multimodal":[167],"Large":[168],"Models":[170],"(MLLMs)":[171],"two":[173],"representative":[174],"state-of-the-art":[175,203],"systems,":[176],"MMSTL":[177],"SpaMo.":[179],"Our":[180],"results":[181,218],"that":[183,227,236],"MLLMs":[184],"reach":[185],"near-random":[186],"performance,":[187],"highlighting":[188],"need":[190],"for":[191],"more":[193],"systematic":[194],"integration":[195],"SLU":[197],"current":[199,228],"AI":[200],"systems.":[201],"Furthermore,":[202],"carefully":[206],"fine-tuned":[207],"in-domain":[209],"still":[211],"exhibit":[212],"substantial":[214],"gap,":[216],"ranging":[219],"56.7%":[221],"75.2%.":[223],"These":[224],"findings":[225],"suggest":[226],"protocols":[231],"overestimate":[232],"true":[233],"understanding":[234],"future":[237],"progress":[238],"should":[239],"be":[240],"measured":[241],"only":[243],"fluency":[245],"n-gram":[247],"overlap,":[248],"also":[250],"correctness.":[253],"Code,":[254],"prompts,":[255],"benchmark":[257],"files":[258],"are":[259],"available":[260],"at":[261],"https://github.com/ZenoTsT/SLU-2K":[262]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-04T00:00:00"}