{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163329022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.03022","title":"Hallucinations as Orthogonal Noise: Inference-Time Manifold Alignment via Dynamic Contextual Orthogonalization","display_name":"Hallucinations as Orthogonal Noise: Inference-Time Manifold Alignment via Dynamic Contextual Orthogonalization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163329022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.03022"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.03022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.03022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.03022","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137763088","display_name":"Mingkuan Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Mingkuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137785399","display_name":"Wentao Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Wentao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068378237","display_name":"Tianqi Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4028-8244"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Tianchen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137730263","display_name":"Yuheng Min","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min, Yuheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137693638","display_name":"Suquan Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Suquan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137661174","display_name":"Yide Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Yide","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122982641","display_name":"Yanbo Zhai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhai, Yanbo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137721986","display_name":"Shuangyong Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song, Shuangyong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137773048","display_name":"Xuelong Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Xuelong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.11079999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.11079999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.09080000221729279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.08619999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonalization","display_name":"Orthogonalization","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5985999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.578499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.5275999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.4814000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.45320001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-statistics","display_name":"Parametric statistics","score":0.45210000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manifold","display_name":"Manifold (fluid mechanics)","score":0.4108999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.37619999051094055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47559304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1702189","display_name":"Orthogonalization","level":2,"score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6377000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5985999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.578499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.5275999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48809999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.4814000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.45320001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.45210000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4438000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529865628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1790740","display_name":"Manifold (fluid mechanics)","level":2,"score":0.4108999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151876577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049464","display_name":"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction","level":3,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153120616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17068315","display_name":"Manifold alignment","level":4,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198942812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496618","display_name":"Semantic property","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124066611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28684319","display_name":"Sparse approximation","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170133592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806883","display_name":"Latent semantic analysis","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112933361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845258","display_name":"Probabilistic latent semantic analysis","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.03022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.03022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.03022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.03022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4035884141921997,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hallucination":[0],"in":[1,39,203],"Large":[2],"Language":[3],"Models":[4],"(LLMs),":[5],"characterized":[6],"by":[7],"the":[8,40,54,58,73,88,91,110,192,209],"generation":[9],"of":[10,57,90,212],"content":[11],"inconsistent":[12],"with":[13,72],"contextual":[14,171],"facts":[15],"or":[16],"logical":[17],"constraints":[18],"--":[19],"remains":[20],"a":[21,35,115,138,218],"persistent":[22],"challenge":[23],"for":[24,222],"reliable":[25],"deployment.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28,32,85,96],"work,":[29],"we":[30,62,98],"address":[31],"issue":[33],"through":[34],"geometric":[36,210],"framework":[37],"rooted":[38],"linear":[41],"representation":[42],"hypothesis.":[43],"We":[44],"propose":[45],"that":[46,64,143,167],"hallucinations":[47,76,213],"manifest":[48],"as":[49,114,161,217],"orthogonal":[50,83,121,147],"noise":[51],"relative":[52],"to":[53,84,119,174],"semantic":[55,131],"manifold":[56,224],"residual":[59,112],"stream.":[60],"Specifically,":[61],"hypothesize":[63],"while":[65],"attention":[66,124],"heads":[67,80],"ideally":[68],"propagate":[69],"information":[70],"congruent":[71],"context":[74,117],"subspace,":[75,86],"arise":[77],"when":[78],"specific":[79],"introduce":[81,99],"components":[82,148],"disrupting":[87],"coherence":[89],"latent":[92],"representation.":[93],"Based":[94],"on":[95,123,150,154,183],"formulation,":[97],"Dynamic":[100],"Contextual":[101],"Orthogonalization":[102],"(DCO),":[103],"an":[104],"inference-time":[105],"intervention":[106,176],"method.":[107],"DCO":[108,136,168,179,216],"utilizes":[109],"input":[111],"stream":[113],"dynamic":[116],"anchor":[118],"perform":[120],"decomposition":[122],"head":[125],"outputs.":[126],"To":[127],"distinguish":[128],"between":[129,194],"context-aligned":[130],"updates":[132],"and":[133,156,164,188,197,214],"divergent":[134],"noise,":[135],"employs":[137],"layer-wise":[139],"Z-score":[140],"suppression":[141,196],"mechanism":[142],"selectively":[144],"attenuates":[145],"outlier":[146],"based":[149],"statistical":[151],"distributions.":[152],"Evaluations":[153],"Llama-3-8B":[155],"70B":[157],"across":[158],"benchmarks":[159],"such":[160],"XSum,":[162],"NQ-Swap,":[163],"IFEval":[165],"demonstrate":[166],"achieves":[169],"superior":[170],"faithfulness":[172],"compared":[173],"state-of-the-art":[175],"baselines.":[177],"Furthermore,":[178],"maintains":[180],"high":[181],"performance":[182],"knowledge-intensive":[184],"tasks":[185],"like":[186],"TriviaQA":[187],"TruthfulQA,":[189],"effectively":[190],"mitigating":[191],"trade-off":[193],"hallucination":[195],"parametric":[198],"knowledge":[199],"retention":[200],"often":[201],"observed":[202],"existing":[204],"methods.":[205],"Our":[206],"findings":[207],"validate":[208],"interpretation":[211],"establish":[215],"computationally":[219],"efficient":[220],"approach":[221],"enforcing":[223],"alignment.Our":[225],"code":[226],"is":[227],"available":[228],"at":[229],"https://github.com/Harry-Miral/DCO":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-04T00:00:00"}