{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163184259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.02552","title":"Modeling Depth Ambiguity: A Mixture-Density Representation for Flying-Point-Free Depth Estimation","display_name":"Modeling Depth Ambiguity: A Mixture-Density Representation for Flying-Point-Free Depth Estimation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163184259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.02552"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.02552","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.02552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.02552","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024493801","display_name":"Siyuan Bian","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bian, Siyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137684111","display_name":"Congrong Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Congrong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137638277","display_name":"Jun Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Jun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9089000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9089000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.023499999195337296,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.011300000362098217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.7301999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5666999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5623999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.534600019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4706000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artifact","display_name":"Artifact (error)","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/straddle","display_name":"Straddle","score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.41519999504089355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.7301999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.588100016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5666999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5623999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.557699978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.534600019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.511900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.47369998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4706000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720909","display_name":"Artifact (error)","level":2,"score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779117054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1406345","display_name":"Straddle","level":2,"score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.41519999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.3864000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141268832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2940499","display_name":"Depth map","level":3,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200873422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5448821","display_name":"Filling-in","level":2,"score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132459708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744069","display_name":"Extrapolation","level":2,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73329638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527","display_name":"Sky","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117258860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q895153","display_name":"Boundary representation","level":3,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174576160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1183700","display_name":"Deconvolution","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52672216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1749840","display_name":"Depth perception","level":3,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159176650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43261","display_name":"Horizon","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.02552","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.02552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.02552","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.02552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,22,140],"depth":[3,15,45,62,74,88,108,129,182],"estimation,":[4],"flying":[5],"points":[6,21],"remain":[7],"a":[8,36,43,49,53,56,72,99,192],"persistent":[9],"failure":[10],"mode:":[11],"near":[12],"object":[13],"boundaries,":[14,48,118],"estimators":[16],"often":[17],"predict":[18,106],"spurious":[19],"3D":[20],"the":[23,66,83,104,127,141,196],"empty":[24,142],"space":[25,143],"between":[26,65,144],"foreground":[27,54],"and":[28,55,110,126,154,187],"background":[29,57],"surfaces.":[30],"We":[31,94],"trace":[32],"this":[33,96],"artifact":[34],"to":[35,175,188],"standard":[37],"modeling":[38],"choice:":[39],"assigning":[40],"each":[41,115],"pixel":[42,50],"single":[44,73],"hypothesis.":[46],"At":[47],"can":[51,121],"straddle":[52],"surface,":[58],"so":[59,79],"its":[60],"true":[61],"is":[63,130],"ambiguous":[64],"two.":[67],"A":[68],"model":[69,105],"that":[70,89,102],"predicts":[71,180],"cannot":[75],"keep":[76],"both":[77],"possibilities,":[78],"training":[80],"instead":[81],"pulls":[82],"prediction":[84],"toward":[85],"an":[86],"intermediate":[87],"lies":[90],"on":[91],"neither":[92],"surface.":[93],"address":[95],"with":[97,123],"MDA,":[98],"mixture-density":[100,171],"representation":[101],"lets":[103],"multiple":[107,181],"hypotheses":[109,120,136],"their":[111],"associated":[112],"probabilities":[113],"for":[114],"pixel.":[116],"Near":[117],"different":[119,124,147],"align":[122],"surfaces,":[125],"decoded":[128],"selected":[131],"from":[132,199],"one":[133],"of":[134],"these":[135],"rather":[137],"than":[138],"placed":[139],"them.":[145],"Across":[146],"backbones,":[148],"MDA":[149],"substantially":[150],"improves":[151],"boundary":[152],"reconstruction":[153],"largely":[155],"removes":[156],"flying-point":[157],"artifacts":[158],"even":[159],"under":[160],"severe":[161],"input":[162],"blur,":[163],"while":[164],"adding":[165],"negligible":[166],"runtime":[167],"overhead.":[168],"The":[169],"same":[170],"framework":[172],"naturally":[173],"extends":[174],"transparent":[176,185],"objects,":[177],"where":[178,191],"it":[179],"layers":[183],"at":[184],"pixels,":[186],"sky":[189,198],"regions,":[190,201],"dedicated":[193],"component":[194],"separates":[195],"unbounded":[197],"finite-depth":[200],"producing":[202],"flying-point-free":[203],"skylines.":[204],"Project":[205],"Page:":[206],"https://biansy000.github.io/mda-site/.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-03T00:00:00"}
