{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163132439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.02437","title":"On the Scaling of PEFT: Towards Million Personal Models of Trillion Parameters","display_name":"On the Scaling of PEFT: Towards Million Personal Models of Trillion Parameters","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163132439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.02437"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.02437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.02437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.02437","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137653597","display_name":"Mind Lab","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lab, Mind","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137629176","display_name":":","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":":","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137620515","display_name":"Song Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo, Vin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137652428","display_name":"Vic Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cao, Song","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137673410","display_name":"Kaijie Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cao, Vic","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137694384","display_name":"Bunny Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Andrew","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137652466","display_name":"Hera Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Kaijie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101473162","display_name":"Huan Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-8371"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng, Cleon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136162094","display_name":"Arthur Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiang, Steven","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137638277","display_name":"Jun Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan, Kaixuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046208925","display_name":"\u987e\u6d2a\u6cc9","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng, Hera","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113049132","display_name":"Aaron Guan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng, Huan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137650410","display_name":"Mutian Hong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fu, Arthur","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137644202","display_name":"Hailee Hou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Jun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135508809","display_name":"Peixuan Hua","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gu, Hongquan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137674263","display_name":"Charles Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guan, Aaron","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137657339","display_name":"Miles Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ho, Nolan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116307527","display_name":"Nora Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong, Mutian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137626087","display_name":"Yuyi Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hou, Hailee","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137626422","display_name":"Autumn Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua, Peixuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137704202","display_name":"Fancy Kong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Charles","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137677420","display_name":"Kyrie Lei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang, Miles","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137627544","display_name":"Alexy Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang, Nora","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081898684","display_name":"Dawn Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang, Yuyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137625568","display_name":"Ray Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin, Qiuyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137626888","display_name":"Theo Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kong, Fancy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137625562","display_name":"Wenhao Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei, Andrew","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137634535","display_name":"Jiayi Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei, Kyrie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137645463","display_name":"Domini Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Alexy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059982063","display_name":"Heshan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9636-8509"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Lucian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137708910","display_name":"Kairus Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Ray","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137633710","display_name":"Logan Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Theo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137636407","display_name":"Maeve Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Wenhao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137669994","display_name":"Runism Lv","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Zhihui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032205761","display_name":"PONY MA","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin, Allen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137688924","display_name":"Verity Niu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin, Jiayi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137676456","display_name":"Anson Qiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Kairus","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123325278","display_name":"Vincent Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Kieran","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137640375","display_name":"Maxwell Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Logan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137667289","display_name":"Regis Ye","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137638821","display_name":"Wenlin Ye","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu, Irvine","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137687176","display_name":"Yanying Ye","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luo, Maeve","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136163812","display_name":"Josh Ying","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lv, Runze","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137678491","display_name":"Danney Zeng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ma, Pony","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137623831","display_name":"Salmon Zhan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niu, Verity","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137659678","display_name":"Anya Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiu, Anson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102521405","display_name":"Ruijia Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Vincent","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137633392","display_name":"Shiyang Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Rio","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137706515","display_name":"Sueky Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao, Maxwell","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137658144","display_name":"Ya Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye, Carrie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137682421","display_name":"wei zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-1836"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye, Regis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099735311","display_name":"Ada Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye, Wenlin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137674306","display_name":"Sizer Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying, Josh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137707909","display_name":"Xinyue Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeng, Danney","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137644654","display_name":"Murphy Zhuang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhan, Yuhan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhang, Anya","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Anya","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhang, Di","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Di","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhang, Ruijia","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Ruijia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhang, Shiyang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Shiyang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhang, Sueky","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Sueky","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhang, Ya","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Ya","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhao, Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhou, Ada","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Ada","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhou, Adrian","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Adrian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhou, Yuhua","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Yuhua","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhu, Xinyue","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu, Xinyue","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhuang, Murphy","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuang, Murphy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.1582999974489212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.1582999974489212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.14650000631809235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.09189999848604202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.5800999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adapter","display_name":"Adapter (computing)","score":0.5763999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.46480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competence","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economies-of-scale","display_name":"Economies of scale","score":0.3118000030517578}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6051999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.5800999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177284502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1005390","display_name":"Adapter (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5763999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.46480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29321873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5970087","display_name":"Economies of scale","level":2,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177769412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278090","display_name":"Prior probability","level":3,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8505890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q605095","display_name":"Budget constraint","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988430800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428971","display_name":"Scaling law","level":3,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.02437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.02437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.02437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.02437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6372235417366028}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Parameter-efficient":[0],"fine-tuning":[1],"(PEFT)":[2],"is":[3],"usually":[4],"treated":[5],"as":[6,21,47],"a":[7,15,120,130],"cheaper":[8],"alternative":[9],"to":[10],"full":[11,134],"fine-tuning.":[12,135],"We":[13,55],"study":[14,79],"broader":[16],"role:":[17],"small":[18,70,81],"trainable":[19],"adapters":[20,42,82],"persistent":[22,93,124],"local":[23,71],"state":[24],"on":[25],"top":[26],"of":[27],"strong":[28],"shared":[29,39,67],"foundation":[30],"models.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33],"framing,":[34],"the":[35,57,113],"base":[36],"model":[37],"provides":[38,98],"competence":[40],"while":[41,85],"carry":[43],"instance-specific":[44],"behavior":[45],"such":[46],"preferences,":[48],"skills,":[49],"tool":[50],"habits,":[51],"and":[52,88,109],"memory-like":[53],"updates.":[54],"organize":[56],"problem":[58],"around":[59],"three":[60],"scaling":[61],"axes:":[62],"Scale":[63,75,89],"Up,":[64],"where":[65,77,91],"stronger":[66],"priors":[68],"make":[69],"updates":[72],"more":[73],"useful;":[74],"Down,":[76],"we":[78],"how":[80],"can":[83,118],"be":[84,119],"remaining":[86],"reliable;":[87],"Out,":[90],"many":[92],"adapted":[94],"instances":[95],"coexist.":[96],"MinT":[97],"one":[99],"infrastructure":[100],"example":[101],"for":[102,123,133],"managing":[103],"adapter":[104],"identity,":[105],"revision,":[106],"provenance,":[107],"evaluation,":[108],"serving":[110],"residency.":[111],"Together,":[112],"results":[114],"suggest":[115],"that":[116],"PEFT":[117],"compact":[121],"substrate":[122],"personal":[125],"models":[126],"rather":[127],"than":[128],"only":[129],"budget":[131],"substitute":[132]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-03T00:00:00"}