{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163194720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.01211","title":"GPU Acceleration of Learning With Errors KEMs Using OpenACC for Post-Quantum Cryptography","display_name":"GPU Acceleration of Learning With Errors KEMs Using OpenACC for Post-Quantum Cryptography","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163194720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.01211"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.01211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.01211","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.01211","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137668503","display_name":"Tiziana Liberati","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liberati, Tiziana","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102747847","display_name":"Nitin Shukla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1925-8020"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shukla, Nitin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137679168","display_name":"Matteo Barbieri","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbieri, Matteo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065426830","display_name":"Gabriella Bettonte","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bettonte, Gabriella","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064851067","display_name":"Elisabetta Boella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1970-6794"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boella, Elisabetta","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034851082","display_name":"Simone Rizzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1973-7496"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rizzo, Simone","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137679194","display_name":"Daniele Gregori","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregori, Daniele","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029371057","display_name":"Marco Pedicini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9016-074X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedicini, Marco","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.5788999795913696,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.5788999795913696,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.16590000689029694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.14190000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.6643999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6583999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Post-quantum cryptography","score":0.5562999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.4627000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-processing-unit","display_name":"Central processing unit","score":0.46219998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.4284000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logarithm","display_name":"Logarithm","score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-logarithm","display_name":"Discrete logarithm","score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.3792000114917755}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8162999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.6948000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.6643999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6583999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108277079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233576","display_name":"Post-quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.5562999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.4627000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49154492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5300","display_name":"Central processing unit","level":2,"score":0.46219998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.4284000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39927690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11197","display_name":"Logarithm","level":2,"score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173259116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864003","display_name":"Discrete logarithm","level":4,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119677069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4846249","display_name":"Integer factorization","level":4,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50630238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971505","display_name":"General-purpose computing on graphics processing units","level":3,"score":0.35429999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.3531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3262999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.32589998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187834632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188804","display_name":"Factorization","level":2,"score":0.32269999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202491316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272683","display_name":"Instruction set","level":2,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477690","display_name":"CUDA","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779014939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510239","display_name":"Learning with errors","level":3,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86111242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859595","display_name":"Coprocessor","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99674996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414155","display_name":"Key exchange","level":4,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133875982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764810","display_name":"Shared memory","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65302260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327675","display_name":"Symmetric-key algorithm","level":4,"score":0.2615000009536743}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.01211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.01211","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.01211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.01211","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.897905707359314,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Shor's":[0],"algorithm":[1],"proved":[2],"that":[3,159],"asymmetric":[4],"cryptographic":[5,42,207],"protocols":[6],"based":[7,84],"on":[8,85,134,162],"the":[9,37,50,58,97,135,154,182,198],"integer":[10],"factorization":[11],"and":[12,88,108,112,120,152,168,191],"discrete":[13],"logarithm":[14],"problems":[15,53],"are":[16,160],"no":[17],"longer":[18],"safe":[19],"in":[20,103],"a":[21,28,79,90,144,148],"world":[22],"with":[23,60,188],"large-scale":[24],"quantum":[25,46],"computers.":[26],"As":[27],"result,":[29],"Post-Quantum":[30],"Cryptography":[31],"(PQC)":[32],"has":[33],"been":[34],"developed":[35],"over":[36,147],"last":[38],"few":[39],"years,":[40],"seeking":[41],"primitives":[43],"resistant":[44],"to":[45,143,166,185],"attacks.":[47],"One":[48],"of":[49,99,105,156,200],"main":[51],"hard":[52],"underlying":[54],"PQC":[55],"schemes":[56],"is":[57,65],"Learning":[59],"Errors":[61],"(LWE)":[62],"problem,":[63],"which":[64],"significantly":[66],"more":[67],"computationally":[68,204],"intensive":[69],"than":[70],"its":[71],"classical":[72],"predecessors.":[73],"In":[74,132],"this":[75],"work,":[76],"we":[77],"present":[78],"Key":[80],"Encapsulation":[81],"Mechanism":[82],"(KEM)":[83],"plain":[86],"LWE":[87],"develop":[89],"GPU-oriented":[91],"implementation":[92,123],"using":[93,181],"OpenACC.":[94],"We":[95],"evaluate":[96],"performance":[98],"our":[100],"accelerated":[101],"application":[102],"terms":[104],"both":[106],"time-to-solution":[107],"energy-to-solution,":[109],"considering":[110],"bare-metal":[111],"containerized":[113],"executions":[114],"across":[115,127],"multiple":[116],"NVIDIA":[117,136,192],"GPU":[118,130,201],"models":[119],"generations.":[121],"Our":[122],"achieves":[124],"significant":[125],"acceleration":[126,202],"all":[128],"tested":[129],"platforms.":[131],"particular,":[133],"Grace":[137],"Hopper":[138],"Superchip,":[139],"it":[140],"attains":[141],"up":[142],"$208\\times$":[145],"speedup":[146],"multithreaded":[149],"CPU":[150,163],"baseline":[151],"enables":[153],"execution":[155],"problem":[157],"sizes":[158],"impractical":[161],"architectures":[164],"due":[165],"memory":[167],"synchronization":[169],"constraints.":[170],"Energy":[171],"consumption":[172],"analysis":[173],"also":[174],"shows":[175],"$\\approx":[176],"2\\times$":[177],"better":[178],"efficiency":[179],"when":[180],"Superchip":[183],"compared":[184],"systems":[186],"equipped":[187],"x86-based":[189],"CPUs":[190],"H100":[193],"GPUs.":[194],"These":[195],"results":[196],"highlight":[197],"effectiveness":[199],"for":[203],"demanding":[205],"LWE-based":[206],"workloads.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-03T00:00:00"}
