{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163212087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.01075","title":"On the Generalization Gap in Self-Evolving Language Model Reasoning","display_name":"On the Generalization Gap in Self-Evolving Language Model Reasoning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163212087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.01075"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.01075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.01075","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.01075","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137692967","display_name":"Zhenting Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi, Zhenting","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137652641","display_name":"Susanna Maria Baby","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baby, Susanna Maria","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062889241","display_name":"Sathaiah Baby","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baby, Stefanie Anna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137648339","display_name":"Kan Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan, Kan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137616153","display_name":"Andrew Tomkins","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomkins, Andrew","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137684582","display_name":"Tu Vu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vu, Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005730523","display_name":"Da-Cheng Juan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan, Da-Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066091408","display_name":"Cyrus Rashtchian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9422-2779"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rashtchian, Cyrus","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.47929999232292175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.47929999232292175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.12729999423027039,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.07850000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6230999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6021999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.5591999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5543000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.5336999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.5271000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.5254999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjunction","display_name":"Conjunction (astronomy)","score":0.3824000060558319}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6751999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6230999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6021999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5591999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5543000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.5336999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5336999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.5271000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5254999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59656382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191536","display_name":"Conjunction (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.3824000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134752490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374182","display_name":"Logical consequence","level":2,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142998047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193983","display_name":"Metalanguage","level":2,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45493050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7884934","display_name":"Unified Model","level":2,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195344581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2555318","display_name":"Automated reasoning","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21847791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191081","display_name":"Logical conjunction","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20162079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151406","display_name":"Case-based reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.2694999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159032336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488768","display_name":"Non-monotonic logic","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37335422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888134","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","level":3,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154690210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1668499","display_name":"Rewriting","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.01075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.01075","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.01075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.01075","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"work":[1],"suggests":[2],"that":[3,107,135],"large":[4,139],"language":[5],"models":[6,140],"(LLMs)":[7],"can":[8,49,141,177],"improve":[9],"through":[10],"self-evolution":[11,33,66,108,144,160,176],"(SE),":[12],"using":[13],"supervision":[14,52,184],"signals":[15],"generated":[16,51,183],"by":[17],"the":[18,32,112],"model":[19],"itself.":[20],"In":[21],"this":[22,188],"work,":[23],"we":[24,157],"ask:":[25],"under":[26,187],"a":[27,44,63,98,127],"strict":[28],"closed-loop":[29,175],"setup,":[30],"where":[31,165],"algorithm":[34],"has":[35],"access":[36],"only":[37],"to":[38,54,130],"an":[39],"unlabeled":[40],"prompt":[41],"set":[42],"and":[43,76,84,97,123,155,179],"base":[45,113],"model,":[46,114],"how":[47,181],"close":[48],"internally":[50,182],"come":[53],"oracle-supervised":[55,151],"training?":[56],"We":[57,104,133],"analyze":[58],"four":[59],"representative":[60],"strategies":[61],"in":[62],"unified":[64],"offline":[65],"framework:":[67],"single-round":[68],"verification,":[69],"multi-turn":[70,136],"revision":[71],"with":[72,138,146],"feedback,":[73],"iterative":[74],"training,":[75],"curriculum":[77],"learning.":[78],"Our":[79],"primary":[80],"experiments":[81],"use":[82],"Knights":[83,154],"Knaves":[85],"(KK)":[86],"logical":[87],"reasoning":[88,163],"tasks,":[89],"which":[90],"provide":[91],"deterministic":[92],"solutions,":[93],"controlled":[94],"difficulty":[95],"levels,":[96],"clean":[99],"testbed":[100],"for":[101],"easy-to-hard":[102],"generalization.":[103],"first":[105],"show":[106,180],"consistently":[109],"improves":[110],"over":[111],"but":[115],"plateaus":[116],"after":[117],"excessive":[118],"training":[119],"compute":[120],"is":[121],"invested,":[122],"eventually":[124],"still":[125],"leaves":[126],"non-trivial":[128],"gap":[129],"oracle":[131],"supervision.":[132],"find":[134],"critic-revision":[137],"reach":[142],"strong":[143],"performance,":[145],"Gemma":[147],"12B":[148],"nearly":[149],"matching":[150],"training.":[152],"Beyond":[153],"Knaves,":[156],"also":[158,168],"evaluate":[159],"on":[161],"real-world":[162],"benchmarks,":[164],"gains":[166],"are":[167],"modest.":[169],"Overall,":[170],"our":[171],"results":[172],"characterize":[173],"when":[174],"help":[178],"remains":[185],"insufficient":[186],"minimal":[189],"formulation.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-06-03T00:00:00"}
