{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163225412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.00655","title":"Scaling Behavior of Single LLM-Driven Multi-Agent Systems","display_name":"Scaling Behavior of Single LLM-Driven Multi-Agent Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163225412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.00655"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.00655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.00655","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.00655","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100649653","display_name":"Jialing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6975-026X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Jialing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084969236","display_name":"Zhouhong Gu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gu, Zhouhong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137646369","display_name":"Yin Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cai, Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101918960","display_name":"Hongwei Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6004-726X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng, Hongwei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.18780000507831573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.18780000507831573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.09759999811649323,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.09430000185966492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.7569000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5821999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.436599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monotonic-function","display_name":"Monotonic function","score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-system","display_name":"Complex system","score":0.39980000257492065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.7569000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6565999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5821999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.436599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72169020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194404","display_name":"Monotonic function","level":2,"score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.39980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.3864000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3361000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100339178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2548752","display_name":"Collective behavior","level":2,"score":0.3310000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.32839998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89057211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432197","display_name":"Collective intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.00655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.00655","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.00655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.00655","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,159],"burgeoning":[1],"field":[2],"of":[3,36,44,50,104,156,188],"LLM-based":[4],"Multi-Agent":[5,62],"Systems":[6],"(MAS)":[7],"promises":[8],"to":[9,74,210],"tackle":[10],"complex":[11],"tasks":[12,84],"through":[13],"collaborative":[14,112,198],"intelligence,":[15],"yet":[16],"fundamental":[17],"questions":[18],"regarding":[19],"their":[20],"scaling":[21,77,172,190],"behavior":[22],"and":[23,85,114,138,170,200],"intrinsic":[24],"collective":[25,140],"dynamics":[26],"remain":[27],"underexplored.":[28],"This":[29,182],"paper":[30],"systematically":[31],"investigates":[32],"how":[33],"the":[34,42,48,59,134,171,202],"performance":[35,92,160],"a":[37,66,102,109,124,153,185],"homogeneous":[38],"MAS":[39,91,122,189],"evolves":[40],"as":[41],"number":[43],"agents":[45,207],"increases,":[46],"isolating":[47],"variable":[49],"collaboration":[51],"from":[52],"model":[53,86],"or":[54],"knowledge":[55],"heterogeneity.":[56],"We":[57],"propose":[58],"Sequential":[60],"Iterative":[61],"System":[63],"(SIMAS)":[64],"framework,":[65],"minimalist":[67],"architecture":[68],"centered":[69],"on":[70,147],"sequential":[71],"inter-agent":[72],"communication,":[73],"clearly":[75],"observe":[76],"effects.":[78],"Through":[79],"extensive":[80],"experiments":[81],"across":[82,175],"diverse":[83],"scales,":[87],"we":[88],"establish":[89],"that":[90,120,129,139,205],"does":[93],"not":[94],"scale":[95],"monotonically":[96],"with":[97],"agent":[98,136,157],"count":[99],"but":[100],"follows":[101],"pattern":[103],"diminishing":[105],"returns,":[106],"governed":[107],"by":[108],"trade-off":[110],"between":[111],"synergy":[113],"coordination":[115,163],"overhead.":[116],"Our":[117],"findings":[118],"reveal":[119],"effective":[121],"requires":[123],"sufficiently":[125],"capable":[126],"base":[127],"LLM,":[128],"task":[130],"type":[131],"critically":[132],"modulates":[133],"optimal":[135],"count,":[137],"intelligence":[141],"is":[142],"an":[143],"emergent":[144],"property":[145],"contingent":[146],"strategic":[148],"interaction":[149,176],"design":[150],"rather":[151,165],"than":[152,166],"guaranteed":[154],"outcome":[155],"plurality.":[158],"degradation":[161],"stems":[162],"overhead":[164],"merely":[167],"long-context":[168],"failure,":[169],"tendency":[173],"generalizes":[174],"architectures":[177],"like":[178],"structured":[179],"debate":[180],"topologies.":[181],"work":[183],"provides":[184],"foundational":[186],"understanding":[187],"laws,":[191],"offering":[192],"practical":[193],"guidance":[194],"for":[195],"designing":[196],"efficient":[197],"systems":[199],"challenging":[201],"prevailing":[203],"assumption":[204],"more":[206],"invariably":[208],"lead":[209],"better":[211],"performance.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-03T00:00:00"}
