{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162992572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.31433","title":"SCOPE: Self-Play via Co-Evolving Policies for Open-Ended Tasks","display_name":"SCOPE: Self-Play via Co-Evolving Policies for Open-Ended Tasks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162992572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.31433"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.31433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.31433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.31433","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068169387","display_name":"Wai-Chung Kwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2942-4208"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwan, Wai-Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137592556","display_name":"Aryo Pradipta Gema","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gema, Aryo Pradipta","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137546704","display_name":"Joshua Ong Jun Leang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leang, Joshua Ong Jun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137598669","display_name":"Pasquale Minervini","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minervini, Pasquale","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.5914000272750854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.5914000272750854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.12160000205039978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.05790000036358833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.76910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rubric","display_name":"Rubric","score":0.7368000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.6820999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-solver","display_name":"Problem solver","score":0.6521999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.6147000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4706000089645386}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8065000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.76910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111640148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847349","display_name":"Rubric","level":2,"score":0.7368000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.6820999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019612716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q730920","display_name":"Problem solver","level":2,"score":0.6521999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.6147000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4706000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.46470001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3450999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2648000121116638}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.31433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.31433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.31433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.31433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4620113670825958,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Self-play":[0],"can":[1],"train":[2],"language":[3],"models":[4,82],"without":[5],"external":[6],"supervision.":[7],"However,":[8],"existing":[9],"methods":[10],"require":[11],"rule-checkable":[12],"answers,":[13],"leaving":[14],"open-ended":[15,32,88,112],"tasks":[16,33,145],"dependent":[17],"on":[18,95,104,111,125,131],"curated":[19,106],"prompts":[20],"or":[21,100],"frontier-model":[22],"judges.":[23],"We":[24],"introduce":[25],"SCOPE,":[26],"a":[27,38,45],"data-free":[28],"self-play":[29],"framework":[30],"for":[31,175],"that":[34,40,47,137,150,168],"co-evolves":[35],"two":[36],"policies:":[37],"Challenger":[39,140],"generates":[41],"document-grounded":[42],"tasks,":[43,113],"and":[44,72,98,158,167],"Solver":[46,74],"answers":[48],"them":[49],"through":[50],"multi-turn":[51],"retrieval.":[52],"A":[53],"frozen":[54],"copy":[55],"of":[56],"the":[57,62,69,139,147,161,173],"initial":[58],"model":[59],"serves":[60],"as":[61],"self-judge,":[63],"which":[64],"writes":[65],"task-specific":[66],"rubrics":[67],"from":[68,153],"source":[70],"document":[71],"grades":[73],"responses":[75],"against":[76],"them.":[77],"Across":[78],"three":[79,133],"7-8B":[80],"instruction-tuned":[81],"(Qwen2.5,":[83],"Qwen3,":[84],"OLMo-3),":[85],"SCOPE":[86,114],"improves":[87,116],"performance":[89],"by":[90,120,165],"up":[91,121],"to":[92,122,143],"+10.4":[93],"points":[94,124],"eight":[96],"benchmarks":[97],"matches":[99],"exceeds":[101],"GRPO_data":[102,130],"trained":[103,109],"~9K":[105],"prompts.":[107],"Although":[108],"only":[110],"also":[115],"held-out":[117,127],"short-form":[118],"QA":[119],"+13.8":[123],"seven":[126],"benchmarks,":[128],"surpassing":[129],"all":[132],"models.":[134],"Ablations":[135],"show":[136],"co-evolving":[138],"is":[141,172],"necessary":[142],"keep":[144],"near":[146],"Solver's":[148],"frontier,":[149],"gains":[151],"arise":[152],"improvements":[154],"in":[155],"both":[156],"retrieval":[157],"synthesis":[159],"with":[160],"relative":[162],"contribution":[163],"varying":[164],"task,":[166],"rubric":[169],"generation":[170],"quality":[171],"bottleneck":[174],"self-judging.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-06-02T00:00:00"}