{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163040193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.31170","title":"Emergent Languages in Populations of Language Model Agents: From Token Efficiency to Oversight Evasion","display_name":"Emergent Languages in Populations of Language Model Agents: From Token Efficiency to Oversight Evasion","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163040193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.31170"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.31170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.31170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.31170","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124040138","display_name":"Stine Lyngs\u00f8 Beltoft","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beltoft, Stine Lyngs\u00f8","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137518186","display_name":"William Brach","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brach, William","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023712450","display_name":"Federico Torrielli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8037-8828"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Torrielli, Federico","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135183558","display_name":"Jacob Nielsen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nielsen, Jacob","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125505506","display_name":"Annemette Brok Pirchert","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pirchert, Annemette Brok","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120318631","display_name":"Filippo Tonini","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tonini, Filippo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137571116","display_name":"Peter Schneider-Kamp","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schneider-Kamp, Peter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137524735","display_name":"Lukas Galke Poech","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Poech, Lukas Galke","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.13490000367164612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.13490000367164612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.10339999943971634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.07190000265836716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evasion","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","score":0.769599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.5734000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.5364999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.4927999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy","display_name":"Autonomy","score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modeling-language","display_name":"Modeling language","score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3986999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.3716000020503998}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781251061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416089","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","level":3,"score":0.769599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.70169997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.5734000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5364999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.4927999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4368000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4178999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941921","display_name":"Modeling language","level":3,"score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3986999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3716000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.3312999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775837122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111352","display_name":"Lexeme","level":2,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129792486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050419","display_name":"Language identification","level":3,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779267917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170028","display_name":"Deception","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.31170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.31170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.31170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.31170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6153102517127991}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Monitoring":[0],"autonomous":[1],"language":[2,117],"model":[3],"agents":[4],"currently":[5],"relies":[6],"mostly":[7],"on":[8,33],"surface":[9,168],"behavior.":[10],"But":[11],"what":[12],"happens":[13],"when":[14],"agent":[15,178],"populations":[16],"invent":[17],"new":[18,70,91],"languages":[19,32,72,92,111],"with":[20],"the":[21,30,40,105,125,150,164],"goal":[22],"of":[23,50,124,152,156],"avoiding":[24,94],"human":[25],"oversight.":[26],"Here,":[27],"we":[28,37,145],"study":[29],"emergent":[31],"Moltbook.":[34],"For":[35],"this,":[36],"build":[38],"upon":[39],"Moltbook":[41],"Files":[42],"dataset":[43],"and":[44,74,82,108],"apply":[45],"a":[46,51,122],"two-stage":[47],"approach":[48],"consisting":[49],"rule-based":[52],"heuristic":[53],"(about":[54],"6000":[55],"matches)":[56],"followed":[57],"by":[58,98,115],"zero-shot":[59],"classification":[60],"(518":[61],"kept).":[62],"The":[63],"resulting":[64],"categories":[65,107],"include":[66],"token":[67],"efficiency":[68],"(166),":[69],"natural":[71,142],"(106),":[73],"oversight":[75,95],"evasion":[76],"(59).":[77],"We":[78],"conduct":[79],"both":[80],"quantitative":[81],"qualitative":[83],"analyses.":[84],"Our":[85],"results":[86,160],"show":[87],"that":[88,109,166],"posts":[89],"proposing":[90],"for":[93,174],"are":[96],"judged":[97],"DeepSeek-3.2":[99],"as":[100],"being":[101],"less":[102],"aligned":[103],"than":[104],"other":[106,116],"all":[110],"can":[112],"be":[113,147,172],"learned":[114],"models":[118],"in-context":[119],"merely":[120],"from":[121],"description":[123],"language.":[126,143],"Moreover,":[127],"manually":[128],"studying":[129],"exemplary":[130],"cases":[131],"reveals":[132],"surprisingly":[133],"sophisticated":[134],"steganographic":[135],"protocols":[136],"like":[137],"embedding":[138],"hidden":[139],"messages":[140],"in":[141,154],"Although":[144],"cannot":[146],"certain":[148],"about":[149],"extent":[151],"autonomy":[153],"ideation":[155],"these":[157],"languages,":[158],"our":[159],"add":[161],"up":[162],"to":[163],"evidence":[165],"monitoring":[167],"behavior":[169],"may":[170],"soon":[171],"insufficient":[173],"retaining":[175],"control":[176],"over":[177],"populations.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-06-02T00:00:00"}
