{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162751143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.29685","title":"NICE: A Theory-Grounded Diagnostic Benchmark for Social Intelligence of LLMs","display_name":"NICE: A Theory-Grounded Diagnostic Benchmark for Social Intelligence of LLMs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162751143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.29685"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.29685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.29685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.29685","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137354021","display_name":"Yunjin Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi, Yunjin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029285877","display_name":"Zhaojun Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2248-2501"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang, Zhaojun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130662251","display_name":"Xuan Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Xuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102428112","display_name":"Hanxi PAN","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan, Hanxi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137373132","display_name":"Yixuan Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Yixuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137314946","display_name":"Yanfang Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Yanfang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137346357","display_name":"Xiang Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji, Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137327497","display_name":"Churu Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Churu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137367667","display_name":"Chunyuan Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng, Chunyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137328766","display_name":"Yingze Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Yingze","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137395149","display_name":"Jie He","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He, Jie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012614577","display_name":"Liuqing Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9049-0394"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Liuqing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041441522","display_name":"Zaifeng Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9727-8524"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Zaifeng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.2401999980211258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.2401999980211258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.11230000108480453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.06480000168085098,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operationalization","display_name":"Operationalization","score":0.6761999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-intelligence","display_name":"Social intelligence","score":0.6115000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nice","display_name":"Nice","score":0.5198000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strengths-and-weaknesses","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5048999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-intelligence","display_name":"Human intelligence","score":0.44020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.43639999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.43070000410079956}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.6761999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45801056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2273844","display_name":"Social intelligence","level":2,"score":0.6115000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5400999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779256446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33959","display_name":"Nice","level":2,"score":0.5198000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63882131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","level":2,"score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5048999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.44020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.43639999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.43070000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.400299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86772948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413287","display_name":"Social skills","level":2,"score":0.3562000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91034043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","level":2,"score":0.3312999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145633318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207125","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","level":2,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C517642484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388514","display_name":"Intelligence analysis","level":2,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130064352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relation","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24845683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178651","display_name":"Interview","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171268870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486676","display_name":"GRASP","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.29685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.29685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.29685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.29685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.40176141262054443,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"large":[1],"language":[2],"models":[3,133],"(LLMs)":[4],"are":[5],"increasingly":[6],"applied":[7],"in":[8,64,136,144,174],"social":[9,20,35,44,65,71,164],"contexts":[10],"such":[11],"as":[12],"emotional":[13],"companionship":[14],"and":[15,28,50,78,92,128,159],"customer":[16],"service,":[17],"measuring":[18],"their":[19],"intelligence":[21,36,72,165],"has":[22],"become":[23],"critical":[24],"to":[25,150],"the":[26,58,147],"quality":[27],"safety":[29],"of":[30,116,170],"human-AI":[31],"interaction.":[32],"However,":[33],"existing":[34],"benchmarks":[37],"lack":[38],"a":[39,47,70,75,113,129,141],"unified":[40,48],"framework":[41,73,88,148],"that":[42],"organizes":[43],"abilities":[45],"into":[46],"structure,":[49],"therefore":[51],"cannot":[52],"enable":[53],"fine-grained":[54,99],"diagnosis.":[55],"To":[56],"build":[57],"first":[59,68],"holistic":[60],"diagnostic":[61,114],"evaluation":[62,166],"grounded":[63],"theory,":[66],"we":[67,106],"construct":[69],"through":[74,120],"literature":[76],"review":[77],"multi-stage":[79],"expert":[80],"validation":[81],"guided":[82],"by":[83,98],"psychometric":[84],"principles.":[85],"The":[86],"resulting":[87],"includes":[89],"4":[90],"categories":[91],"11":[93],"dimensions,":[94],"each":[95],"further":[96],"specified":[97],"capability":[100,153],"facets.":[101],"Building":[102],"on":[103],"this":[104],"framework,":[105],"introduce":[107],"NICE":[108,161],"(Norm,":[109],"Interaction,":[110],"Cognition,":[111],"Experience),":[112],"benchmark":[115],"137":[117],"items":[118],"operationalized":[119],"representative":[121],"Chinese":[122],"contexts.":[123],"Across":[124],"5":[125],"frontier":[126],"LLMs":[127],"human":[130],"reference":[131],"group,":[132],"score":[134],"higher":[135],"aggregate":[137],"accuracy":[138],"yet":[139],"show":[140],"consistent":[142],"weakness":[143],"Communication,":[145],"which":[146],"localizes":[149],"3":[151],"specific":[152],"facets:":[154],"multi-turn":[155],"communication,":[156,158],"nonverbal":[157],"synchrony.":[160],"thus":[162],"reframes":[163],"toward":[167],"theory-grounded":[168],"diagnosis":[169],"socially":[171],"consequential":[172],"weaknesses":[173],"LLMs.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-30T00:00:00"}
