{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162766671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.29582","title":"PEARL: Training Socratic Tutors with Pedagogically Aligned Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"PEARL: Training Socratic Tutors with Pedagogically Aligned Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162766671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.29582"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.29582","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.29582","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.29582","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058316544","display_name":"Qikai Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1227-3641"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang, Qikai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137316451","display_name":"Zhenrong Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Zhenrong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137388386","display_name":"Linbo Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Linbo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137386093","display_name":"Pengfei Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Pengfei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137375685","display_name":"Jianshu Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Jianshu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065765754","display_name":"Youhui Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo, Youhui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137351902","display_name":"Jun Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Du, Jun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.8458999991416931,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.8458999991416931,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.03359999880194664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.016599999740719795,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6692000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socratic-method","display_name":"Socratic method","score":0.5235000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5102999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutor","display_name":"TUTOR","score":0.47780001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.45989999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.4595000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6848000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6692000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2801541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839475","display_name":"Socratic method","level":2,"score":0.5235000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5102999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.47780001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.45989999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.4595000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44769999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.4366999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.2689000070095062}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.29582","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.29582","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.29582","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.29582","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7319705486297607}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"have":[4],"shown":[5],"promise":[6],"as":[7],"educational":[8],"tutors,":[9],"yet":[10],"effective":[11],"tutoring":[12,70],"requires":[13],"more":[14],"than":[15],"solving":[16],"problems:":[17],"it":[18],"must":[19],"provide":[20],"progressive":[21],"Socratic":[22,69],"guidance":[23],"and":[24,41,50,96,110,130,156],"balance":[25],"multiple":[26,144],"pedagogical":[27,47,108],"objectives":[28,138],"across":[29,134],"multi-turn":[30],"interactions.":[31],"However,":[32],"training":[33,68],"such":[34],"tutors":[35],"remains":[36,157],"challenging":[37],"due":[38],"to":[39,92],"limited-fidelity":[40],"weakly":[42],"controllable":[43,81],"student":[44,82],"simulation,":[45],"under-specified":[46],"reward":[48,103],"modeling,":[49],"unstable":[51],"multi-objective":[52,121],"optimization.":[53,115],"To":[54],"overcome":[55],"these":[56],"limitations,":[57],"we":[58,78,99,117],"propose":[59,118],"PEARL,":[60],"a":[61,80,101,119,166],"pedagogically":[62],"aligned":[63],"reinforcement":[64],"learning":[65],"framework":[66],"for":[67,113],"agents,":[71],"consisting":[72],"of":[73],"three":[74],"key":[75],"components.":[76],"First,":[77],"introduce":[79],"simulator":[83],"that":[84,105,124,147],"decouples":[85],"latent":[86],"cognitive":[87],"states":[88],"from":[89,139],"response":[90],"generation":[91],"model":[93,104],"diverse":[94],"abilities":[95],"misconceptions.":[97],"Second,":[98],"develop":[100],"generative":[102],"jointly":[106],"evaluates":[107],"quality":[109],"objective":[111],"correctness":[112],"policy":[114,168],"Finally,":[116],"stable":[120],"RL":[122],"scheme":[123],"discretizes":[125],"rewards":[126],"within":[127],"each":[128],"dimension":[129],"aggregates":[131],"normalized":[132],"advantages":[133],"dimensions,":[135],"preventing":[136],"high-variance":[137],"dominating":[140],"updates.":[141],"Experiments":[142],"on":[143],"benchmarks":[145],"show":[146],"PEARL":[148],"achieves":[149],"the":[150],"best":[151],"performance":[152],"among":[153],"open-source":[154],"models":[155],"competitive":[158],"with":[159],"leading":[160],"proprietary":[161],"LLMs,":[162],"despite":[163],"using":[164],"only":[165],"30B":[167],"model.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-30T00:00:00"}