{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162678361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.28234","title":"Bridging the Sampling Distribution Shift in Radio Map Estimation: A Trajectory-Aware Paradigm","display_name":"Bridging the Sampling Distribution Shift in Radio Map Estimation: A Trajectory-Aware Paradigm","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162678361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.28234"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.28234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.28234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.28234","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137217529","display_name":"Feng Qiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiu, Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137215689","display_name":"Zheng Fang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang, Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137260639","display_name":"Shuhang Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Shuhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137261264","display_name":"Kangjun Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Kangjun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048245079","display_name":"Longkun Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0690-1382"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zou, Longkun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137248032","display_name":"Jing Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137200714","display_name":"Ke Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Ke","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.450300008058548,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.450300008058548,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.4499000012874603,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.01209999993443489,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5974000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.5426999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.5361999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-and-identically-distributed-random-variables","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undersampling","display_name":"Undersampling","score":0.4043000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3553999960422516}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5974000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5971999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5426999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5361999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141513077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378542","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","level":3,"score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136536468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1225894","display_name":"Undersampling","level":2,"score":0.4043000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52740198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1539564","display_name":"Importance sampling","level":3,"score":0.3483000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60069766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357054","display_name":"Antenna diversity","level":3,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75917345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725298","display_name":"Sampling bias","level":3,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167723999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3773214","display_name":"Sampling distribution","level":2,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90652560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11091747","display_name":"Minimum mean square error","level":3,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75373757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7410160","display_name":"Sampling design","level":3,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170593435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4128565","display_name":"Slice sampling","level":4,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130402806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5361768","display_name":"Random field","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777036070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18393452","display_name":"Random projection","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82152865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208505","display_name":"Poisson sampling","level":5,"score":0.25780001282691956}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.28234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.28234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.28234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.28234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learning-based":[0],"radio":[1],"map":[2],"estimation":[3],"(RME)":[4],"plays":[5],"a":[6,61,90,110],"critical":[7],"role":[8],"in":[9,51],"UAV-assisted":[10],"wireless":[11],"sensing,":[12],"enabling":[13],"tasks":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16],"coverage":[17],"prediction":[18],"and":[19,28,33,54,74,121,134,179],"network":[20],"optimization.":[21],"Most":[22],"current":[23],"methods":[24],"assume":[25],"an":[26],"independently":[27],"identically":[29],"distributed":[30],"(i.i.d.)":[31],"training":[32,92,178],"testing":[34],"setting":[35],"based":[36,94],"on":[37,95,131,158],"random":[38,127,142],"sampling.":[39,128],"However,":[40],"practical":[41],"UAV":[42],"measurements":[43],"are":[44],"collected":[45],"sequentially":[46],"along":[47],"feasible":[48],"trajectories,":[49],"resulting":[50],"highly":[52],"structured":[53],"spatially":[55],"correlated":[56],"patterns.":[57],"This":[58],"mismatch":[59],"introduces":[60],"sampling":[62,106,117,143,181],"distribution":[63],"shift":[64],"that":[65,115,138],"increases":[66,122],"the":[67,76,132,167,174],"intrinsic":[68],"difficulty":[69],"of":[70,78,176],"spatial":[71,119],"field":[72],"recovery":[73],"compromises":[75],"generalization":[77],"models":[79,139],"trained":[80,140],"under":[81,148],"i.i.d.":[82],"assumptions.":[83],"To":[84],"mitigate":[85],"this":[86],"issue,":[87],"we":[88,113],"propose":[89],"trajectory-aware":[91],"paradigm":[93],"Stochastic-Triggered":[96],"Trajectory-Based":[97],"Sampling":[98],"(ST-TBS),":[99],"which":[100],"preserves":[101],"trajectory":[102],"continuity":[103],"while":[104],"introducing":[105],"variability.":[107],"Moreover,":[108],"from":[109,154],"statistical":[111],"perspective,":[112],"show":[114],"trajectory-based":[116,149],"reduces":[118,166],"diversity":[120],"information":[123],"redundancy":[124],"compared":[125],"to":[126,156,169],"Extensive":[129],"experiments":[130],"RadioMapSeer":[133],"SpectrumNet":[135],"datasets":[136],"demonstrate":[137],"with":[141,151],"suffer":[144],"significant":[145],"performance":[146],"degradation":[147],"observations,":[150],"RMSE":[152,168],"increasing":[153],"0.0391":[155],"0.2632":[157],"SpectrumNet.":[159],"Conversely,":[160],"our":[161],"proposed":[162],"ST-TBS":[163],"method":[164],"effectively":[165],"0.0571.":[170],"These":[171],"results":[172],"highlight":[173],"necessity":[175],"aligning":[177],"deployment":[180],"distributions":[182],"for":[183],"reliable":[184],"RME.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-29T00:00:00"}
