{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162695121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.27955","title":"Skill-as-Pseudocode: Refactoring Skill Libraries to Pseudocode for LLM Agents","display_name":"Skill-as-Pseudocode: Refactoring Skill Libraries to Pseudocode for LLM Agents","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162695121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.27955"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.27955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.27955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.27955","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137296633","display_name":"Xinze Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Xinze","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137192293","display_name":"Yuhang Zang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zang, Yuhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137303811","display_name":"Yixin Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cao, Yixin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137192339","display_name":"Aixin Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun, Aixin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.8629000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.8629000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.013399999588727951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.011500000022351742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-refactoring","display_name":"Code refactoring","score":0.7372000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mcnemars-test","display_name":"McNemar's test","score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.361299991607666}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152752567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877","display_name":"Code refactoring","level":3,"score":0.7372000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7346000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6044999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186282968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434261","display_name":"McNemar's test","level":2,"score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.361299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197115733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003136","display_name":"Forcing (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776527387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671839","display_name":"Invocation","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80291951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200691","display_name":"Design by contract","level":5,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.27955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.27955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.27955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.27955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8432438373565674}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Markdown":[0],"skill":[1,67,113,133],"libraries":[2,68],"for":[3,130,139,163],"LLM":[4,183],"agents":[5],"ship":[6],"as":[7],"free-form":[8],"prose,":[9],"forcing":[10],"the":[11,16,20,43,55,122,132,145,164],"agent":[12,44,123],"to":[13,141],"re-derive":[14],"both":[15],"input":[17,177],"schema":[18],"and":[19,53,94,135,179],"concrete":[21,118,137],"invocation":[22],"syntax":[23],"on":[24],"every":[25],"retrieval.":[26],"We":[27,58],"observe":[28],"that":[29],"this":[30],"often":[31],"produces":[32],"a":[33,46,91,98,111,127,136],"\"confused":[34],"-&gt;":[35,37],"re-retrieve":[36],"still":[38],"confused\"":[39],"loop":[40],"in":[41],"which":[42],"issues":[45],"partially-correct":[47],"action,":[48],"receives":[49],"uninformative":[50],"environment":[51],"feedback,":[52],"re-retrieves":[54],"same":[56],"prose.":[57],"propose":[59],"Skill-as-Pseudocode":[60],"(SaP),":[61],"an":[62],"automatic":[63],"conversion":[64],"of":[65,79],"markdown":[66],"into":[69,110],"typed":[70,92,128],"pseudocode":[71],"with":[72,116,150],"deterministic":[73,100],"quality":[74],"control.":[75],"For":[76],"each":[77],"cluster":[78],"similar":[80],"procedural":[81],"passages":[82],"drawn":[83],"from":[84],"one":[85],"or":[86],"more":[87],"skills,":[88],"SaP":[89,156],"extracts":[90],"contract":[93],"filters":[95],"it":[96],"through":[97],"four-check":[99],"verifier":[101],"(coverage,":[102],"binding,":[103],"replacement,":[104],"risk).":[105],"Promoted":[106],"contracts":[107],"are":[108],"inlined":[109],"rewritten":[112],"skeleton":[114],"together":[115],"restored":[117],"action":[119],"templates,":[120],"giving":[121],"two":[124],"complementary":[125],"signals:":[126],"signature":[129],"what":[131],"does":[134],"template":[138],"how":[140],"invoke":[142],"it.":[143],"On":[144],"134-game":[146],"ALFWorld":[147],"unseen":[148],"split":[149],"gpt-4o-mini,":[151],"pooled":[152],"across":[153],"three":[154],"seeds,":[155],"wins":[157],"82/402":[158],"paired":[159],"games":[160],"versus":[161],"47/402":[162],"Graph-of-Skills":[165],"(GoS)":[166],"baseline":[167],"(pooled":[168],"McNemar":[169],"p":[170],"=":[171],"8.2e-5),":[172],"at":[173],"-22.8":[174],"+/-":[175,181],"6.4%":[176],"tokens":[178],"-14.5":[180],"4.1%":[182],"calls":[184],"per":[185],"game.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-05-29T00:00:00"}
