{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162574141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.27315","title":"Real Images, Worse Judgments: Evaluating Vision-Language Models on Concreteness and Imagery","display_name":"Real Images, Worse Judgments: Evaluating Vision-Language Models on Concreteness and Imagery","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162574141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.27315"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.27315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.27315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.27315","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137110583","display_name":"Yifan Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang, Yifan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080838462","display_name":"Ruoxi Ning","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning, Ruoxi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101996503","display_name":"Sheng Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2669-5088"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao, Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137150108","display_name":"Freda Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi, Freda","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.6692000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.6692000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.10249999910593033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.0966000035405159,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concreteness","display_name":"Concreteness","score":0.9197999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.6220999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5324000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.45570001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-effect","display_name":"Context effect","score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attribution","display_name":"Attribution","score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.34040001034736633}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778436841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159081","display_name":"Concreteness","level":2,"score":0.9197999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.6697999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.6220999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6040999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5324000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.45570001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4361000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76188268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783165","display_name":"Context effect","level":3,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143299363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900584","display_name":"Attribution","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160086991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5939193","display_name":"Human visual system model","level":3,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178253425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162668","display_name":"Visual perception","level":3,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986089797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501338","display_name":"Visual attention","level":3,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89267518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179488","display_name":"Psycholinguistics","level":3,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777776507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4807054","display_name":"Lexico","level":3,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194995250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531136","display_name":"Affordance","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777508537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936620","display_name":"Visual reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780878386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1659648","display_name":"Visual language","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.27315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.27315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.27315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.27315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Visual":[0],"inputs":[1],"are":[2,102],"often":[3,71],"assumed":[4],"to":[5,55,110,129],"improve":[6],"language":[7],"understanding":[8],"in":[9,31],"multimodal":[10],"models.":[11],"We":[12,34,60,123],"examine":[13],"this":[14,140],"assumption":[15],"by":[16,92],"asking":[17],"whether":[18],"vision-language":[19],"models":[20,128],"(VLMs)":[21],"can":[22,138],"distinguish":[23],"useful":[24],"visual":[25,48,80,112,162],"evidence":[26,81],"from":[27,50],"incidental":[28],"image":[29],"context":[30,163],"lexical":[32,121,166],"judgments.":[33,167],"use":[35],"human":[36,75],"concreteness":[37],"and":[38,52,57,70,87,107],"imagery":[39],"ratings":[40],"because":[41],"they":[42],"span":[43],"words":[44,54],"with":[45,74,104,115,142],"varying":[46],"expected":[47],"relevance,":[49],"abstract":[51],"low-imagery":[53],"concrete":[56],"high-imagery":[58],"words.":[59],"find":[61,98],"that":[62,99,126,153],"real-image":[63,100],"contexts":[64,101],"do":[65],"not":[66],"yield":[67],"consistent":[68],"gains":[69,145],"hurt":[72],"alignment":[73],"ratings,":[76],"most":[77],"sharply":[78],"when":[79,161],"is":[82],"least":[83],"relevant.":[84],"Through":[85],"probing":[86],"canonical":[88],"correlation":[89],"analysis,":[90],"complemented":[91],"an":[93],"attribution":[94],"case":[95],"study,":[96],"we":[97],"associated":[103],"representational":[105],"shifts":[106],"greater":[108],"sensitivity":[109],"spurious":[111],"cues,":[113],"coinciding":[114],"weaker":[116],"recoverability":[117],"of":[118,160],"the":[119,143],"targeted":[120],"properties.":[122],"further":[124],"show":[125],"instructing":[127],"focus":[130],"solely":[131],"on":[132,146],"textual":[133],"content":[134],"at":[135],"inference":[136],"time":[137],"reduce":[139],"degradation,":[141],"clearest":[144],"these":[147],"vulnerable":[148],"subsets.":[149],"Our":[150],"findings":[151],"suggest":[152],"current":[154],"instruction-tuned":[155],"VLMs":[156],"need":[157],"better":[158],"calibration":[159],"should":[164],"inform":[165]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-28T00:00:00"}