{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162403948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.25360","title":"Learning to Route Languages for Multilingual Policy Optimization","display_name":"Learning to Route Languages for Multilingual Policy Optimization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162403948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.25360"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.25360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.25360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.25360","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137070645","display_name":"Geyang Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo, Geyang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014478861","display_name":"Hiromi Wakaki","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wakaki, Hiromi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137049466","display_name":"Yuki Mitsufuji","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mitsufuji, Yuki","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137082174","display_name":"Alan Ritter","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ritter, Alan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137043552","display_name":"Wei Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.24089999496936798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.24089999496936798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.19370000064373016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.09929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/router","display_name":"Router","score":0.6097999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.4472000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.43209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilingualism","display_name":"Multilingualism","score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constructed-language","display_name":"Constructed language","score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.3253999948501587}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7868000268936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775896111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642560","display_name":"Router","level":2,"score":0.6097999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4472000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4383000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.43209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30081","display_name":"Multilingualism","level":2,"score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94922259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33215","display_name":"Constructed language","level":2,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.258899986743927}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.25360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.25360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.25360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.25360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7440946698188782}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1,24,31,47,96,126],"models~(LLMs)":[2],"are":[3],"trained":[4],"on":[5,27],"heterogeneous":[6],"multilingual":[7,54,121],"corpora,":[8],"yet":[9],"existing":[10],"policy":[11,37,42,67],"optimization":[12,38,43],"methods":[13],"often":[14],"implicitly":[15],"restrict":[16],"each":[17,57],"training":[18,58,75],"question":[19,59],"to":[20,87],"a":[21,28,49,94,100],"single":[22],"response":[23],"or":[25],"rely":[26],"fixed":[29,79],"dominant":[30],"for":[32,56,133],"supervision.":[33],"We":[34,135],"propose":[35],"language-routed":[36],"(LRPO),":[39],"an":[40],"online":[41],"framework":[44],"that":[45,117,124],"treats":[46],"as":[48,99],"selectable":[50],"variable.":[51],"LRPO":[52,118],"elicits":[53],"rollouts":[55],"and":[60,72],"integrates":[61],"their":[62],"relative":[63],"quality":[64],"into":[65],"preference-based":[66],"updates,":[68],"increasing":[69],"the":[70,78,138],"diversity":[71],"informativeness":[73],"of":[74,105,110],"signals":[76],"under":[77],"rollout":[80],"budget.":[81],"To":[82],"adaptively":[83],"determine":[84],"which":[85],"languages":[86,107],"explore":[88],"during":[89],"reinforcement":[90],"learning,":[91],"we":[92],"introduce":[93],"trainable":[95],"router":[97],"formulated":[98],"multi-armed":[101],"bandit,":[102],"balancing":[103],"exploration":[104],"underutilized":[106],"with":[108],"exploitation":[109,132],"more":[111],"informative":[112],"ones.":[113],"Extensive":[114],"experiments":[115],"show":[116],"consistently":[119],"improves":[120],"performance,":[122],"demonstrating":[123],"adaptive":[125],"routing":[127],"enables":[128],"effective":[129],"cross-lingual":[130],"knowledge":[131],"training.":[134],"release":[136],"all":[137],"resources":[139],"at":[140],"https://github.com/Guochry/LRPO.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-27T00:00:00"}