{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162456673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.24543","title":"Emission-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Sustainable Electric Vehicle Charging and Carbon Dioxide Reduction Under Varying Renewable Penetration","display_name":"Emission-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Sustainable Electric Vehicle Charging and Carbon Dioxide Reduction Under Varying Renewable Penetration","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162456673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.24543"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.24543","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.24543","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.24543","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137031317","display_name":"Ninglin Ou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ou, Ninglin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136610709","display_name":"Mohammad A. Razzaque","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Razzaque, Mohammad A.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137031362","display_name":"Iftekher Islam Shovon","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shovon, Iftekher Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019281140","display_name":"Shafkat Khan Siam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3324-6034"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siam, Shafkat Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137070560","display_name":"Shafiuzzaman K Khadem","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khadem, Shafiuzzaman K","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137083569","display_name":"Krishnendu Guha","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guha, Krishnendu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137083066","display_name":"Mayeen Uddin Khandaker","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khandaker, Mayeen U","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137025809","display_name":"Md. Noor-A-Rahim","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noor-A-Rahim, Md.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9623000025749207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9623000025749207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.019300000742077827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.7311000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.5871000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4674000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-resource","display_name":"Renewable resource","score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-predictive-control","display_name":"Model predictive control","score":0.325300008058548}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.7311000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.5871000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.5741000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4674000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143517461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138571","display_name":"Renewable resource","level":3,"score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40630000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172205157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782962","display_name":"Model predictive control","level":3,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777618391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1483757","display_name":"Solar power","level":3,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530467964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997","display_name":"Carbon dioxide","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80107235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162625","display_name":"Penetration (warfare)","level":2,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40293303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27137","display_name":"Electric power","level":3,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147940328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3393666","display_name":"Peak demand","level":3,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117323899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907989","display_name":"Distribution transformer","level":4,"score":0.2515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126172416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774424","display_name":"Carbon neutrality","level":3,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.24543","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.24543","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.24543","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.24543","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,91,154],"rapid":[1],"growth":[2],"of":[3,166],"Electric":[4,122],"Vehicle":[5,123],"(EV)":[6],"adoption":[7],"challenges":[8],"power":[9],"distribution":[10],"networks":[11],"through":[12],"peak":[13],"load":[14],"spikes,":[15],"voltage":[16],"instability,":[17],"and":[18,29,87,107,115,136,185,216,224,235,246],"transformer":[19],"overloads":[20],"from":[21],"uncoordinated":[22],"charging.":[23],"While":[24],"Model":[25],"Predictive":[26],"Control":[27],"(MPC)":[28],"standard":[30],"Reinforcement":[31],"Learning":[32],"(RL)":[33],"methods":[34],"have":[35],"addressed":[36],"these":[37],"issues,":[38],"existing":[39],"approaches":[40],"rarely":[41],"treat":[42],"real-time":[43],"carbon":[44,82,112,159,167,228],"intensity":[45,113,160,229],"or":[46],"fluctuating":[47],"renewable":[48,145,217],"energy":[49],"(RE)":[50],"availability":[51],"as":[52,161,163],"primary":[53],"scheduling":[54],"objectives,":[55],"leaving":[56],"substantial":[57],"decarbonisation":[58],"potential":[59],"unrealised.":[60],"This":[61],"paper":[62],"proposes":[63],"an":[64],"emission-aware":[65,133],"RL":[66,139,155,233],"strategy":[67],"based":[68],"on":[69,100],"the":[70,101,137,182,187,209,232],"Soft":[71],"Actor":[72],"Critic":[73],"(SAC)":[74],"algorithm,":[75],"with":[76,239],"a":[77,96,158],"multi-objective":[78],"reward":[79,236],"that":[80],"penalises":[81],"emissions,":[83],"curtailed":[84],"on-site":[85],"renewables,":[86],"unmet":[88],"user":[89,247],"demand.":[90],"agent":[92,156],"is":[93],"trained":[94],"within":[95],"unified":[97],"benchmarking":[98],"framework":[99],"EV2Gym":[102],"platform,":[103],"incorporating":[104],"behind-the-meter":[105],"solar":[106,225],"wind":[108,173,223],"profiles,":[109],"time-varying":[110],"EirGrid":[111],"data,":[114],"realistic":[116],"workplace":[117],"EV":[118],"behaviour":[119],"across":[120,201],"25":[121],"Supply":[124],"Equipment":[125],"(EVSE)":[126],"units.":[127],"Nine":[128],"control":[129],"strategies,":[130],"including":[131],"heuristics,":[132],"MPC":[134],"variants,":[135],"proposed":[138],"agent,":[140],"are":[141],"compared":[142],"under":[143,171,221],"five":[144],"penetration":[146],"scenarios":[147],"(0%-50%)":[148],"over":[149],"ten":[150],"independent":[151],"runs":[152],"each.":[153],"achieves":[157],"low":[162],"23.96":[164],"grams":[165],"dioxide":[168],"per":[169],"kilowatt-hour":[170],"50%":[172],"penetration,":[174],"representing":[175],"up":[176,204],"to":[177,205],"87%":[178],"emission":[179],"reduction":[180],"versus":[181],"uncontrolled":[183],"baseline,":[184],"outperforms":[186],"external":[188],"graph-based":[189],"Power":[190],"Distribution":[191],"Network":[192],"(PDN)":[193],"benchmark.":[194],"Transformer":[195],"overload":[196],"remains":[197],"below":[198],"7":[199],"kWh":[200,207],"scenarios,":[202],"against":[203],"1093":[206],"for":[208],"As":[210,212],"Fast":[211],"Possible":[213],"(AFAP)":[214],"heuristic,":[215],"self-consumption":[218],"reaches":[219],"52%":[220],"combined":[222],"supply.":[226],"Embedding":[227],"forecasts":[230],"into":[231],"state":[234],"aligns":[237],"charging":[238],"low-emission":[240],"periods":[241],"while":[242],"preserving":[243],"grid":[244],"compliance":[245],"satisfaction.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-05-27T00:00:00"}