{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162459160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.23908","title":"In Search of the Ingredients of Open-Endedness: Replicating Picbreeder with Large Vision-Language Models","display_name":"In Search of the Ingredients of Open-Endedness: Replicating Picbreeder with Large Vision-Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162459160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.23908"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.23908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.23908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.23908","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088834644","display_name":"Sam Earle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3783-9486"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Earle, Sam","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136993814","display_name":"Kay Arulkumaran","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arulkumaran, Kai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127829114","display_name":"Andrew Dai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dai, Andrew","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101003033","display_name":"Akarsh Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kumar, Akarsh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137012770","display_name":"Julian Togelius","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Togelius, Julian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020511097","display_name":"Sebastian Risi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3607-8400"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Risi, Sebastian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.5117999911308289,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.5117999911308289,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.1648000031709671,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.03660000115633011,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salience","display_name":"Salience (neuroscience)","score":0.6549000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replicate","display_name":"Replicate","score":0.5163000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.487199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-property","display_name":"Semantic property","score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.36629998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.34929999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108154423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469792","display_name":"Salience (neuroscience)","level":2,"score":0.6549000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5698000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781162219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26250693","display_name":"Replicate","level":2,"score":0.5163000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.487199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198942812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496618","display_name":"Semantic property","level":2,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.36629998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.3483999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19273510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263847","display_name":"Artificial life","level":2,"score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.23908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.23908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.23908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.23908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6236943602561951,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,96,108,183],"are":[1],"in":[2,31,79,175],"the":[3,13,72,114,120,148,156,162,176],"midst":[4],"of":[5,15,28,47,75,87,92,116,131,147,158,166,172,178,180],"large-scale":[6],"industrial":[7],"and":[8,18,49,119,124,134,136,139,171],"academic":[9],"efforts":[10],"to":[11,70,126,144,161],"automate":[12],"processes":[14,30],"scientific,":[16],"technological":[17],"creative":[19],"production":[20],"through":[21,89],"AI-driven":[22],"assistants.":[23],"Historically,":[24],"a":[25,43,84],"fundamental":[26],"property":[27],"these":[29,152],"their":[32,37,39],"human":[33,100,122],"form":[34,177],"has":[35],"been":[36],"open-endedness:":[38],"capacity":[40,58],"for":[41,59],"generating":[42],"seemingly":[44],"endless":[45],"supply":[46],"novel":[48],"meaningful":[50],"new":[51],"forms.":[52],"Do":[53],"artificial":[54],"agents":[55],"have":[56],"any":[57],"such":[60],"fruitful":[61],"unguided":[62],"discovery?":[63],"To":[64],"answer":[65],"this":[66],"question,":[67],"we":[68,154],"turn":[69],"Picbreeder,":[71,98],"canonical":[73],"exemplar":[74],"human-driven":[76],"open-ended":[77],"search,":[78],"which":[80],"users":[81,101],"collaboratively":[82],"generated":[83],"diverse":[85],"library":[86],"images":[88],"interactive":[90],"evolution":[91],"small":[93],"neural":[94],"networks.":[95],"replicate":[97],"replacing":[99],"with":[102],"frontier":[103],"Vision":[104],"Language":[105],"Models":[106],"(VLMs).":[107],"observe":[109],"clear":[110],"qualitative":[111],"differences":[112],"between":[113,169],"output":[115],"our":[117,185],"system":[118],"historical":[121],"baseline,":[123],"attempt":[125],"characterize":[127],"them":[128],"using":[129],"metrics":[130],"phylogenetic":[132],"complexity":[133],"visual":[135],"semantic":[137],"salience":[138],"novelty.":[140],"In":[141],"an":[142],"effort":[143],"identify":[145],"some":[146],"causal":[149],"factors":[150],"contributing":[151],"differences,":[153],"study":[155],"addition":[157],"exploratory":[159],"noise":[160],"agents'":[163],"selection":[164],"process,":[165],"behavioral":[167],"diversity":[168],"agents,":[170],"narrative":[173],"momentum":[174],"memory":[179],"past":[181],"actions.":[182],"make":[184],"code":[186],"available":[187],"at":[188],"https://github.com/smearle/picbreeder-vlm.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-27T00:00:00"}
